Early Detection of Cancer: An Overview

Battista, Renaldo N.; Grover, Steven A.

doi:10.1146/annurev.pu.09.050188.000321

Cited by 21 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Additionally, late-stage cervical cancer at diagnosis is significantly associated with increased cervical cancer mortality, and approximately 68% of cervical cancers are diagnosed at a late stage in SSA [ 3 ]. Thus, it is paramount to detect cervical cancer at an earlier, more treatable stage in order to significantly reduce cervical cancer deaths [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with late stage cervical cancer diagnosis in Botswana

et al. 2021

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Background Cervical cancer is the leading cause of female cancer mortality in Botswana with the majority of cervical cancer patients presenting with late-stage disease. The identification of factors associated with late-stage disease could reduce the cervical cancer burden. This study aims to identify potential patient level clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with a late-stage diagnosis of cervical cancer in Botswana in order to help inform future interventions at the community and individual levels to decrease cervical cancer morbidity and mortality. Results There were 984 women diagnosed with cervical cancer from January 2015 to March 2020 at two tertiary hospitals in Gaborone, Botswana. Four hundred forty women (44.7%) presented with late-stage cervical cancer, and 674 women (69.7%) were living with HIV. The mean age at diagnosis was 50.5 years. The association between late-stage (III/IV) cervical cancer at diagnosis and patient clinical and sociodemographic factors was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression with multiple imputation. Women who reported undergoing cervical cancer screening had lower odds of late-stage disease at diagnosis (OR: 0.63, 95% CI 0.47–0.84) compared to those who did not report screening. Women who had never been married had increased odds of late-stage disease at diagnosis (OR: 1.35, 95% CI 1.02–1.86) compared to women who had been married. Women with abnormal vaginal bleeding had higher odds of late-stage disease at diagnosis (OR: 2.32, 95% CI 1.70–3.16) compared to those without abnormal vaginal bleeding. HIV was not associated with a diagnosis of late-stage cervical cancer. Rural women who consulted a traditional healer had increased odds of late-stage disease at diagnosis compared to rural women who had never consulted a traditional healer (OR: 1.61, 95% CI 1.02–2.55). Conclusion Increasing education and awareness among women, regardless of their HIV status, and among providers, including traditional healers, about the benefits of cervical cancer screening and about the importance of seeking prompt medical care for abnormal vaginal bleeding, while also developing support systems for unmarried women, may help reduce cervical cancer morbidity and mortality in Botswana.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with late stage cervical cancer diagnosis in Botswana

et al. 2021

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“…However, cancer research and treatment are one of the most challenging fields in biomedical sciences and oncologists have been struggling to ensure greater survival chances among cancer patients. In general, there is a consensus that about 60 percent of cancer deaths can be prevented with improved preventive (removing the causes of disease so theta exposure to risk is minimal) and screening (test or procedure used to detect disease) facilities [16–17]. Given the fact that much of the cancer survival is associated with early diagnosis, access to state-of-the-art medical technology is a prominent policy concern for low-and middle-income countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic burden of cancer in India: Evidence from cross-sectional nationally representative household survey, 2014

2018

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With the ongoing demographic and epidemiological transition, cancer is emerging as a major public health concern in India. This paper uses nationally representative household survey to examine the overall prevalence and economic burden of cancer in India. The age-standardized prevalence of cancer is estimated to be 97 per 100,000 persons with greater prevalence in urban areas. The evidence suggests that cancer prevalence is highest among the elderly and also among females in the reproductive age groups. Cancer displays a significant socioeconomic gradient even after adjusting for age-sex specifics and clustering in a multilevel regression framework. We find that out of pocket expenditure on cancer treatment is among the highest for any ailment. The average out of pocket spending on inpatient care in private facilities is about three-times that of public facilities. Furthermore, treatment for about 40 percent of cancer hospitalization cases is financed mainly through borrowings, sale of assets and contributions from friends and relatives. Also, over 60 percent of the households who seek care from the private sector incur out of pocket expenditure in excess of 20 percent of their annual per capita household expenditure. Given the catastrophic implications, this study calls for a disease-based approach towards financing such high-cost ailment. It is suggested that universal cancer care insurance should be envisaged and combined with existing accident and life insurance policies for the poorer sections in India. In concluding, we call for policies to improve cancer survivorship through effective prevention and early detection. In particular, greater public health investments in infrastructure, human resources and quality of care deserve priority attention.

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“…Reporting to a health facility at early stages will provide an opportunity to women with PMB to get detected at early stages which in turn will increase their chances of survival. [ 4 5 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What do women in rural Tamil Nadu think about postmenopausal bleeding? A mixed-method study

Sindhuri

Dongre

2021

Indian J Community Med

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Introduction: Perception of women about postmenopausal bleeding (PMB) may have a greater influence on their treatment-seeking behavior. Objectives: The objective was to explore the perceptions of causes and treatment of PMB among menopausal women and to quantify its perceived reasons. Materials and Methods: It was a sequential exploratory mixed-method study design, with two group interviews (qualitative phase), followed by a survey among 1530 postmenopausal women (quantitative phase). The qualitative data were analyzed by thematic analysis and quantitative data using descriptive statistics. Results: Lack of seriousness about PMB and stigma were stated as barriers for the treatment of PMB. Among 1530 women, 40.8% of them did not know the cause for PMB. The problem in the uterus, cancer, and improved nutrition were stated as reasons by 17.6%, 16.8%, and 15.8% of women, respectively. Conclusion: Most of the women did not know the reason for PMB and its awareness is crucial for better uptake of screening and detection of pathology at an early stage.

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Early Detection of Cancer: An Overview

Cited by 21 publications

References 70 publications

Clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with late stage cervical cancer diagnosis in Botswana

Clinical and sociodemographic factors associated with late stage cervical cancer diagnosis in Botswana

Economic burden of cancer in India: Evidence from cross-sectional nationally representative household survey, 2014

What do women in rural Tamil Nadu think about postmenopausal bleeding? A mixed-method study

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