Early Detection of Breast Cancer Using Ultra Wide Band Slot Antenna

Abstract

Breast cancer is the transformation of normal cells in the breast area into a malignant tumor, which is the second largest disease as a cause of death for women. Early detection is one way to avoid significant risks in breast cancer. X-ray mammography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques are used to detect breast cancer. However, those techniques have several limitations. Ultra-wideband (UWB) microwave imaging, approved by The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States, has promising capabilities in detecting breast cancer. Microwave imaging uses a microstrip antenna that has the advantage of convenience, potentially low cost, and is a non-ionized and safe alternative. In this paper, the ultra-wideband microstrip antenna for breast cancer detection is proposed. The antenna was designed by adding some rectangular slots on a rectangular patch to meet the UWB specifications. The antenna works well at 8.41 GHz to 10.29 GHz with directivity of 6.451 dBi and SAR value of 1.6 W / kg. The antenna was simulated with breast phantom. The tumor sizes of 6 mm and 10 mm are added to evaluate the E/H fields and current density with and without tumor. The highest E-Field value of 928.8 V / m was obtained at 10 GHz with a 10 mm tumor size. The highest H-Field value of 4.06 V / m was achieved at 10 GHz with a 6 mm tumor size. From the simulation, the E/H-field and current density are higher if there is a tumor in the breast compared to the breast without the tumor.

Circularly Polarized Textile Sensors for Microwave-Based Smart Bra Monitoring System

“…In this section, two numerical models for breasts will be part of the simulations. The dimensions and properties of the first four layers of the phantom model used in the simulation are adopted from work presented in [ 8 , 14 , 21 ]. The given model is composed of three layers, including skin, fat, and breast grandular tissues for the breast model and one layer to represent tumor tissues [ 8 , 14 , 22 ].…”

“…Thus, it is essential to consider using comfortable and soft materials, such as textiles, for building such systems. Nowadays, textiles are becoming the first choice for fabricating and developing wearable antennas and sensors as they provide comfort to the wearer and flexibility [ 14 , 15 ].…”

“…This technique is not very practical as it is challenging to realize robustness to stretching and resilience to high temperatures. Several textile antennas have been reported in the literature for medical applications [ 8 , 10 , 14 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ], with few of them targeting microwave imaging applications. Most of them operate in the band from 1 to 10 GHz.…”

“…Most of them operate in the band from 1 to 10 GHz. Beyond 10 GHz, scattering effects occur on the skin surface [ 14 ]. However, these reports do not provide too many experimental results or thoroughly discuss the body effects on the performance of the antennas or sensors [ 24 ].…”

Bandwidth and Gain Enhancement of Microstrip Antenna Using Defected Ground Structure and Horizontal Patch Gap

“…DGS is a microstrip antenna technique by defecting some structure on the ground surface of microstrip planar for enhancing gain and bandwidth purposes [18] [19]. Slotting size is represented by GW and GL , which are 33 mm and 45.5 mm, respectively [20]. The design change influences the reflection factor at the center frequency, although it gave better bandwidth and gain.…”