Early detection of bovine respiratory disease in calves by induced cough

Abstract

100 Holstein calves aged 7-14 days investigated the effectiveness of various cough provocation methods for bovine respiratory disease early detection. The animals were evaluated according to the clinical scoring system WI, to provoke cough in calves, they performed: 15-minute run, 30-second apnea on exhalation, palpated the trachea in its lower third region and intravenously injected 0.6% hydrogen peroxide solution at 0.9 % sodium chloride solution at a dose of 0.4 ml per kg of body weight to induce H2O2-induced bronchoconstriction. Out of 100 calves, 60 were selected without spontaneous cough and with a WI clinical score of 3 points or less, in which the leukocyte count, differential leukocyte count, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, nuclear shift index, and pH of exhaled breath condensate and the hydrogen peroxide concentration in exhaled breath. For 2 weeks, these animals were monitored daily for the bovine respiratory disease signs. It was established that 30-second apnea and H2O2-induced bronchoconstriction allow diagnosing bronchitis in calves 6-12 days before its symptom complex (peak) development when other symptoms are still absent and WI clinical score is 3 points or less. However, already at this disease stage, animals exhibit leukocytosis, increased serum content of haptoglobin, decreased pH exhaled breath condensate, and increased the hydrogen peroxide concentration in exhaled breath. The trachea lower third cough on palpation appearance indicates the tracheobronchitis early manifestations presence in calves. Trachea lower third Sequential palpation and 30-second apnoea to provoke coughing in calves allows not only the bovine respiratory disease early detection, but also to differentiate early bronchitis and tracheobronchitis manifestations.

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) Infection Detected in Exhaled Breath Condensate of Dairy Calves by Near-Infrared Aquaphotomics

“…Similarly, significant increases (p < 0.05) in H 2 O 2 were detected in EBC collected from Holstein calves with mild (n = 20) and aggravated (n = 20) respiratory disease (n = 20) [32]. The increase in H 2 O 2 causes bronchoconstriction and coughing when the mucous membranes of the trachea and bronchi become irritated as a result of their heightened sensitivity [32,48]. Here, the right shifts in the C5 and C7 WAMACS and WASPs from the aquaphotomics analysis are in alignment with increases in H 2 O 2 found in infected individuals.…”

“…EBC from Holstein calves with bronchopneumonia (n = 15) also demonstrated higher levels of H 2 O 2 in comparison to healthy neonatal calves (n = 15) [33]. Similarly, significant increases (p < 0.05) in H 2 O 2 were detected in EBC collected from Holstein calves with mild (n = 20) and aggravated (n = 20) respiratory disease (n = 20) [32]. The increase in H 2 O 2 causes bronchoconstriction and coughing when the mucous membranes of the trachea and bronchi become irritated as a result of their heightened sensitivity [32,48].…”

“…Transmittance NIR spectra (n = 240) were collected from 300 µL of EBC using a portable ASD FieldSpec ® 3 spectrophotometer and Indico ® Pro software (Malvern Panalytical, ASD Analytical Spectral Devices Inc. Boulder, CO. USA) as previously described by the authors [32]. Ten spectral signatures were collected independently per sample.…”

“…Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) can be collected non-invasively and has been used to monitor respiratory disease in humans and animals [26][27][28][29]. EBC contains metabolites or substances such as adenosine, ammonia, cytokines (small proteins ~5-25 kDa), hydrogen peroxide, isoprostanes (free radical lipid peroxidation of arachidonate), leukotriene B4, nitrogen oxides (NO 2 − and NO 3 − ), and peptides demonstrated to be helpful in evaluating oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the respiratory system [26,30], and which have been detected by GC-MS [14,16,[31][32][33]. We propose that with these known indicators of inflammation evident in EBC, NIRS-based aquaphotomics coupled with chemometrics may provide a mode of rapid analysis of respiratory disease that can be conducted in the field.…”

Piezoelectric Gas Sensors with Polycomposite Coatings in Biomedical Application

“…Lung lesions were detected using thoracic auscultation (Littmann ® Master Classic II Veterinary Stethoscope, 3 M, Saint Paul, MN, USA). The trachea was palpated [ 46 , 47 ], and a 30 s expiratory apnea was performed to induce coughing in calves [ 48 , 49 ].…”