Early Childhood Diarrhea Predicts Impaired School Performance

Lorntz, Breyette; Soares, A; Moore, Sean R.; Pinkerton, Relana; Gansneder, Bruce M.; Bovbjerg, Victor E; Guyatt, Helen; Lima, Aldo A. M.; Guerrant, Richard L.

doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000219524.64448.90

Cited by 138 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…One sample was negative for the genotypes investigated, and two samples were not investigated for genotypes because of insufficient stool quantity. The three mixed infections were P [4]:G2/G9, P [8]/P [4]:G1/G9, and P [8]:G1/G2/ G4. Among those children who tested positive for rotavirus, 10 children had received all three doses of the vaccine, 3 children were partially immunized, and 1 child had not received vaccine.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 Less severe cases of diarrhea, which are more likely to be treated in primary care clinics, are responsible for substantial morbidity. [2][3][4] To reduce the burden of rotavirus diarrhea, a growing number of nations are adding the rotavirus vaccine to their national immunization schedules. In clinical trials conducted primarily in the United States and Europe, the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RV5) reduced clinic visits for rotavirus diarrhea by 86%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rotavirus Prevalence in the Primary Care Setting in Nicaragua after Universal Infant Rotavirus Immunization

Becker‐Dreps

Paniagua²,

Zambrana

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Nicaragua was the first developing nation to implement universal infant rotavirus immunization with the pentavalent rotavirus vaccine (RV5). Initial studies of vaccine effectiveness in Nicaragua and other developing nations have focused on the prevention of hospitalizations and severe rotavirus diarrhea. However, rotavirus diarrhea is more commonly treated in the primary care setting, with only 1–3% of rotavirus cases receiving hospital care. We measured the prevalence of rotavirus infection in primary care clinics in León, Nicaragua, after introduction of the immunization program. In the post-vaccine period, 3.5% (95% confidence interval = 1.9–5.8) of children seeking care for diarrhea tested positive for rotavirus. A high diversity of rotavirus genotypes was encountered among the few positive samples. In conclusion, rotavirus was an uncommon cause of childhood diarrhea in this primary care setting after implementation of a rotavirus immunization program.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rotavirus Prevalence in the Primary Care Setting in Nicaragua after Universal Infant Rotavirus Immunization

Becker‐Dreps

Paniagua²,

Zambrana

et al. 2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…1 Childhood diarrhea is also associated with impaired growth and cognitive development. 2,3 Sound measurements of the community burden of childhood diarrhea allow evaluation of trends, study of the relationship between diarrhea and predisposing factors, and assessment of the effectiveness of interventions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Variability of Childhood Diarrhea in Karachi, Pakistan, 2002–2006

Luby

Agboatwalla²,

Hoekstra³

2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…The long-term consequences for growth and cognition are being increasingly recognized as the burden associated with diarrhoeal disease (2) . Interventions to reduce diarrhoea burden include the provision of safe water and sanitation, breast-feeding promotion, rotavirus vaccination and therapeutic Zn supplementation during diarrhoea episodes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cost of childhood diarrhoea in rural South Africa: exploring cost-effectiveness of universal zinc supplementation

Chhagan

Broeck

Luabeya

et al. 2013

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To describe the cost of diarrhoeal illness in children aged 6-24 months in a rural South African community and to determine the threshold prevalence of stunting at which universal Zn plus vitamin A supplementation (VAZ) would be more cost-effective than vitamin A alone (VA) in preventing diarrhoea. Design: We conducted a cost analysis using primary and secondary data sources. Using simulations we examined incremental costs of VAZ relative to VA while varying stunting prevalence. Setting: Data on efficacy and societal costs were largely from a South African trial. Secondary data were from local and international published sources. Subjects: The trial included children aged 6-24 months. The secondary data sources were a South African health economics survey and the WHO-CHOICE (CHOosing Interventions that are Cost Effective) database. Results: In the trial, stunted children supplemented with VAZ had 2?04 episodes (95 % CI 1?37, 3?05) of diarrhoea per child-year compared with 3?92 episodes (95 % CI 3?02, 5?09) in the VA arm. Average cost of illness was $Int 7?80 per episode (10th, 90th centile: $Int 0?28, $Int 15?63), assuming a minimum standard of care (oral rehydration and 14 d of therapeutic Zn). In simulation scenarios universal VAZ had low incremental costs or became cost-saving relative to VA when the prevalence of stunting was close to 20 %. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were sensitive to the cost of intervention and coverage levels. Conclusions: This simulation suggests that universal VAZ would be cost-effective at current levels of stunting in parts of South Africa. This requires further validation under actual programmatic conditions.

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Early Childhood Diarrhea Predicts Impaired School Performance

Abstract: These findings document effects of early childhood diarrhea on later school readiness and performance and hence potential long-term human and economic costs of ECD, which warrant further attention and far greater investment for the control of ECD and its consequences.

Cited by 138 publications

References 20 publications

Rotavirus Prevalence in the Primary Care Setting in Nicaragua after Universal Infant Rotavirus Immunization

Rotavirus Prevalence in the Primary Care Setting in Nicaragua after Universal Infant Rotavirus Immunization

The Variability of Childhood Diarrhea in Karachi, Pakistan, 2002–2006

Cost of childhood diarrhoea in rural South Africa: exploring cost-effectiveness of universal zinc supplementation

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