Early changes in mild Alzheimer's disease in the neuroretinal rim segmentation

Salobrar‐García, Elena; Leal, Marina; Hoyas, Irene; Salazar, Juan J.; Ramírez, Ana I.; Hoz, Rosa de; Rojas, Blanca; Gil, Pedro; Yubero, Raquel; Triviño, Alberto; Ramirez, J.J.

doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.2016.0449

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…This technique provides anatomic detail of pathological changes in the retina and optic nerve. Changes in OCT measurements have been used to study the course of particular neurologic diseases such AD (Garcia-Martin et al, 2014 ; Maldonado et al, 2015 ; Salobrar-Garcia et al, 2015 , 2016a , b ), PD (Yu et al, 2014 ; Stemplewitz et al, 2015 ; Boeke et al, 2016 ; Satue et al, 2017 ), and glaucoma (Leung, 2016 ; Fallon et al, 2017 ), suggesting that the data compiled may be useful as a biomarker in diagnosing and treating neurodegenerative disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Microglia in Retinal Neurodegeneration: Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson, and Glaucoma

Ramírez

Hoz

Salobrar‐García

et al. 2017

Front. Aging Neurosci.

370

341

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Microglia, the immunocompetent cells of the central nervous system (CNS), act as neuropathology sensors and are neuroprotective under physiological conditions. Microglia react to injury and degeneration with immune-phenotypic and morphological changes, proliferation, migration, and inflammatory cytokine production. An uncontrolled microglial response secondary to sustained CNS damage can put neuronal survival at risk due to excessive inflammation. A neuroinflammatory response is considered among the etiological factors of the major aged-related neurodegenerative diseases of the CNS, and microglial cells are key players in these neurodegenerative lesions. The retina is an extension of the brain and therefore the inflammatory response in the brain can occur in the retina. The brain and retina are affected in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and glaucoma. AD is an age-related neurodegeneration of the CNS characterized by neuronal and synaptic loss in the cerebral cortex, resulting in cognitive deficit and dementia. The extracellular deposits of beta-amyloid (Aβ) and intraneuronal accumulations of hyperphosphorylated tau protein (pTau) are the hallmarks of this disease. These deposits are also found in the retina and optic nerve. PD is a neurodegenerative locomotor disorder with the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. This is accompanied by Lewy body inclusion composed of α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates. PD also involves retinal dopaminergic cell degeneration. Glaucoma is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disease of the optic nerve, characterized by retinal ganglion cell loss. In this pathology, deposition of Aβ, synuclein, and pTau has also been detected in retina. These neurodegenerative diseases share a common pathogenic mechanism, the neuroinflammation, in which microglia play an important role. Microglial activation has been reported in AD, PD, and glaucoma in relation to protein aggregates and degenerated neurons. The activated microglia can release pro-inflammatory cytokines which can aggravate and propagate neuroinflammation, thereby degenerating neurons and impairing brain as well as retinal function. The aim of the present review is to describe the contribution in retina to microglial-mediated neuroinflammation in AD, PD, and glaucomatous neurodegeneration.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Microglia in Retinal Neurodegeneration: Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson, and Glaucoma

Ramírez

Hoz

Salobrar‐García

et al. 2017

Front. Aging Neurosci.

370

341

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“…OCT allows to see the anatomic detail of pathological changes in the retina and optic nerve. Changes in OCT measurements have been used to study the course of neurodegenerative diseases such AD (21)(22)(23)(24)(25), suggesting that the data compiled may be useful as a biomarker in diagnosing and treating neurodegenerative disease.…”

Section: Eye and Brain: Symbiotic Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular Exploration in the Diagnosis and Follow-Up of the Alzheimer’s Dementia

Salobrar‐García

Hoz

Ramírez

et al. 2019

Alzheimer’s Disease

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The retina is part of the central nervous system (CNS), and therefore, in Alzheimer' s disease (AD), retinal and optic nerve degeneration could take place. This degeneration leads to neurofunctional changes that can be detected early and followed up throughout the evolution of the disease. As opposed to other CNS structures, the eye is easily accessible for in vivo observation. Retinal organization allows for the identification of its different neurons, and in consequence, detection of minimal changes taking place during neurodegeneration is possible. Functional vision studies performed on AD patients in recent years have shown how visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color vision, and visual integration vary with the progression of neurodegeneration. The development of optical coherence tomography in ophthalmology has meant a breakthrough in retinal exploratory techniques, allowing the obtention of high-resolution images using light. This technique enables retinal analysis in the earliest stages of AD, being considered as a biomarker of neuronal damage. Given AD' s high prevalence and its expected increase, it is important to

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Actin-mediated Microglial Chemotaxis via G-Protein Coupled Purinergic Receptor in Alzheimer’s Disease

Das

Chinnathambi

2020

Neuroscience

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Early changes in mild Alzheimer's disease in the neuroretinal rim segmentation

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

The Role of Microglia in Retinal Neurodegeneration: Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson, and Glaucoma

The Role of Microglia in Retinal Neurodegeneration: Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson, and Glaucoma

Ocular Exploration in the Diagnosis and Follow-Up of the Alzheimer’s Dementia

Actin-mediated Microglial Chemotaxis via G-Protein Coupled Purinergic Receptor in Alzheimer’s Disease

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