Early care experiences and HPA axis regulation in children: a mechanism for later trauma vulnerability

Gunnar, Megan R.; Quevedo, Karina

doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(07)67010-1

Cited by 202 publications

(179 citation statements)

References 76 publications

(77 reference statements)

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“…Children faced with abusive parents, however, may be at risk for poor regulation of the HPA axis. Secure attachment status, appropriate social/parental feedback, and responsible and sensitive parental care appear to be especially important influences on appropriate HPA axis development in the early years (Gunnar and Quevedo 2008;Tarullo and Gunnar 2006). Disorganized attachment following severe maltreatment from a caregiver can lead to significant elevations in cortisol secretion during toddlerhood.…”

Section: Effects Of Maltreatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Maltreated Youth: A Review of Contemporary Research and Thought

Kearney

Wechsler

Kaur

et al. 2009

Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev

144

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Youths who have been maltreated often experience symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and this special population has received increased attention from researchers. Pathways toward maladaptive effects of maltreatment and PTSD are remarkably similar and reflect specific biological diatheses and psychological vulnerabilities that produce wide-ranging self-regulation deficits. Developmental models of effects of maltreatment and of PTSD are thus increasingly intertwined and have begun to inform specialized assessment and treatment strategies for this population. This review covers key aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder in maltreated youth, including epidemiology, symptomatology, outcome, and risk factors as well as assessment and treatment strategies and challenges for these youths.

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Section: Effects Of Maltreatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Maltreated Youth: A Review of Contemporary Research and Thought

Kearney

Wechsler

Kaur

et al. 2009

Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev

144

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“…In the context of this special issue on pattern formation, it is important to recognise that HPA and early-life stress may have effectors in the developmental patterning of the nervous system (Gunnar and Quevedo, 2008). For instance, overexposure to glucocorticoid during rapid periods of brain development may influence the development and patterning of specific brain areas (Clark, 1998;Seckl, 2004).…”

Section: The Zebrafish As a New Model Of Early-life Stress: Relevancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since glucocorticoids are potent transcription factors, it is primordial to identify their genetic targets (e.g. glucocorticoid-primary responsive genes) to gain an understanding of the molecular underpinnings associated with miswiring of brain areas during critical periods of development (Geschwind and Levitt, 2007;Gunnar and Quevedo, 2008;Pagani et al, 2007;Pardo and Eberhart, 2007;Yuii et al, 2007).…”

Section: The Zebrafish As a New Model Of Early-life Stress: Relevancementioning

confidence: 99%

Zebrafish development and regeneration: new tools for biomedical research

Brittijn

Duivesteijn²,

Belmamoune³

et al. 2009

Int. J. Dev. Biol.

145

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Basic research in pattern formation is concerned with the generation of phenotypes and tissues. It can therefore lead to new tools for medical research. These include phenotypic screening assays, applications in tissue engineering, as well as general advances in biomedical knowledge. Our aim here is to discuss this emerging field with special reference to tools based on zebrafish developmental biology. We describe phenotypic screening assays being developed in our own and other labs. Our assays involve: (i) systemic or local administration of a test compound or drug to zebrafish in vivo; (ii) the subsequent detection or "readout" of a defined phenotypic change. A positive readout may result from binding of the test compound to a molecular target involved in a developmental pathway. We present preliminary data on assays for compounds that modulate skeletal patterning, bone turnover, immune responses, inflammation and early-life stress. The assays use live zebrafish embryos and larvae as well as adult fish undergoing caudal fin regeneration. We describe proof-of-concept studies on the localised targeting of compounds into regeneration blastemas using microcarriers. Zebrafish are cheaper to maintain than rodents, produce large numbers of transparent eggs, and some zebrafish assays could be scaled-up into medium and high throughput screens. However, advances in automation and imaging are required. Zebrafish cannot replace mammalian models in the drug development pipeline. Nevertheless, they can provide a cost-effective bridge between cell-based assays and mammalian whole-organism models. KEY WORDS: Danio rerio, zebrafish, high-throughput screening, high-content screeningThis article is part of a special journal issue on "Pattern Formation". In this context, it seems appropriate to ask: 'what benefits to society can come from research into pattern formation?' The answer depends on how "pattern formation" is defined. For our purposes, it includes developmental mechanisms that generate Int. J. Dev. Biol. 53: 835-850 (2009) doi: 10.1387/ijdb.082615sb One is the field of human congenital malformations (the pres-836 S. A. Brittijn et al. ence at birth of anatomical abnormalities). Good examples are human malformations of fingers and toes, some cases of which are linked to mutations in the Hox family of developmental patterning genes (Akarsu et al., 1996;Goodman et al., 1997;Goodman, 2002). Teratology -the study of agents that cause congenital malformations -can be seen as applied pattern formation research. Tissue engineering, a medical research discipline that aims to create replacement tissues for patients who have suffered injury or surgical removal of tissues, is another area where knowledge of pattern formation can be applied. To date, the commonest approach to tissue engineering is to culture autologous cells on a synthetic template (Silva and Mooney, 2004). In the future, however, it may be possible to promote pattern formation by these cells so that they generate selforganised tissues or structures ...

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“…15 CA can have a prolonged influence on cortisol secretion patterns. [16][17][18] Dysregulation can entail both hyper-and hypoactivity, which may be reflected by atypical diurnal secretion and enhanced or reduced responsiveness to stress. 13,14,16,[19][20][21] Children exposed to adversity exhibit lower morning cortisol values, 22 blunted cortisol awakening response, 23 shallow morning to evening slope, 21,[24][25][26] greater area under the daytime cortisol curve, 24,27 and both blunted [28][29][30] and elevated 31,32 cortisol response to acute stressors relative to unexposed children.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Interventions to Improve Cortisol Regulation in Children: A Systematic Review

2014

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Childhood adversity is associated with physiologic dysregulation across multiple biological systems; however, relatively little is known about whether these changes are reversible with intervention. The objective of this review was to examine evidence for the effectiveness of interventions to promote healthy cortisol regulation in children. We selected articles from English-language publications in PubMed and EBSCO databases through 2012. Two independent reviewers assessed articles against eligibility criteria. Eligible studies were randomized controlled or quasi-experimental studies designed to improve relationships, environments, or psychosocial functioning in children and examined cortisol as an outcome. We identified 19 articles. There was substantial heterogeneity across studies with regard to age, selection criteria, intervention design, cortisol assessment, and follow-up duration. Eighteen of the 19 articles reported at least 1 difference in baseline cortisol, diurnal cortisol, or cortisol responsivity between intervention and control participants. Importantly, however, there was remarkable inconsistency with regard to how the interventions influenced cortisol. Therefore, studies that included a low-risk comparison group (n = 8) provided critical insight, and each found some evidence that postintervention cortisol levels in the intervention group approximated the low-risk comparison group and differed from children receiving usual care. In conclusion, existing studies show that cortisol activity can be altered by psychosocial interventions. These findings are promising, not only because they indicate physiologic plasticity that can be leveraged by interventions but also because they suggest it may be possible to repair regulatory systems after childhood adversity, which could inform strategies for reducing health disparities and promoting lasting improvements in health. Pediatrics 2014;133:312-326

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Early care experiences and HPA axis regulation in children: a mechanism for later trauma vulnerability

Cited by 202 publications

References 76 publications

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Maltreated Youth: A Review of Contemporary Research and Thought

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Maltreated Youth: A Review of Contemporary Research and Thought

Zebrafish development and regeneration: new tools for biomedical research

Interventions to Improve Cortisol Regulation in Children: A Systematic Review

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