“…Before receiving the final certificate of proficiency, a student was required to present a thesis on the subject connected with his or her work at the Clinic. (Boll, 1962, p. 316) The fact that nonphysicians were also allowed to train did not endear the Medico-Psychological Clinic to Jones (Raitt, 2004), who, unlike Freud, considered lay analysts equivalent to dilettantes (Kohon, 1986;Rayner, 1991). If we wish to interpret Jones's prejudice in a positive light, we might argue that he was concerned about the danger that an analyst's lack of training on the clinical level (the clinical being, for Jones, synonymous with the medical) might pose to both patient and analyst.…”