Early Archosauromorphs: The Crocodile and Dinosaur Precursors

Ezcurra, Martín D.; Jones, Andrew D.; Gentil, Adriel Roberto; Butler, Richard J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.12439-x

Cited by 15 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Archosauromorphs arose during the middle–late Permian, but were a minor component of terrestrial ecosystems up until the Permo-Triassic mass extinction (PTME) [ 3 ]. In the immediate aftermath of the PTME, archosauromorphs increased in abundance and formed a low disparity but globally distributed disaster fauna, which was rapidly replaced in the late Early Triassic (Olenekian) and early Middle Triassic (Anisian) by the diversification of major archosauromorph clades, which included the tanystropheids, rhynchosaurs, allokotosaurs, archosaurs and erythrosuchids [ 3 , 49 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cervical ribs ( figure 10 a,b ) typically extended for the length of about two vertebrae. They are double-headed with a distinct, pointed anterior process that extends anteriorly beyond both the capitulum and tuberculum, as occurs in other archosauromorphs [ 49 ]. The rib shaft is relatively straight and is grooved medially and convex laterally.…”

Section: Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The postcranial skeleton of the erythrosuchid archosauriformGarjainia primafrom the Early Triassic of European Russia

et al. 2020

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Erythrosuchidae were large-bodied, quadrupedal, predatory archosauriforms that dominated the hypercarnivorous niche in the aftermath of the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. Garjainia , one of the oldest members of the clade, is known from the late Olenekian of European Russia. The holotype of Garjainia prima comprises a well-preserved skull, but highly incomplete postcranium. Recent taxonomic reappraisal demonstrates that material from a bone bed found close to the type locality, previously referred to as ‘ Vjushkovia triplicostata ', is referable to G. prima. At least, seven individuals comprising cranial remains and virtually the entire postcranium are represented, and we describe this material in detail for the first time. An updated phylogenetic analysis confirms previous results that a monophyletic Garjainia is the sister taxon to a clade containing Erythrosuchus, Shansisuchus and Chalishevia . Muscle scars on many limb elements are clear, allowing reconstruction of the proximal locomotor musculature. We calculate the body mass of G. prima to have been 147–248 kg, similar to that of an adult male lion. Large body size in erythrosuchids may have been attained as part of a trend of increasing body size after the Permo-Triassic mass extinction and allowed erythrosuchids to become the dominant carnivores of the Early and Middle Triassic.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The postcranial skeleton of the erythrosuchid archosauriformGarjainia primafrom the Early Triassic of European Russia

et al. 2020

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“…Early Triassic erythrosuchid skeletal fossils are known from the late Olenekian of Russia, South Africa, China and India (see Gower, 2003 ; Ezcurra, Butler & Gower, 2013 ; Ezcurra et al, 2019 ; Ezcurra et al, 2020 ; Gower et al, 2014 ; Ezcurra, 2016 ). The Gardetta ichnosite suggests the presence of erythrosuchids and more generally of Archosauriformes at low latitudes (11.8°N) also during the Early Triassic ( Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Archosauriform footprints in the Lower Triassic of Western Alps and their role in understanding the effects of the Permian-Triassic hyperthermal

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The most accepted killing model for the Permian-Triassic mass extinction (PTME) postulates that massive volcanic eruption (i.e., the Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province) led to geologically rapid global warming, acid rain and ocean anoxia. On land, habitable zones were drastically reduced, due to the combined effects of heating, drought and acid rains. This hyperthermal had severe effects also on the paleobiogeography of several groups of organisms. Among those, the tetrapods, whose geographical distribution across the end-Permian mass extinction (EPME) was the subject of controversy in a number of recent papers. We here describe and interpret a new Early Triassic (?Olenekian) archosauriform track assemblage from the Gardetta Plateau (Briançonnais, Western Alps, Italy) which, at the Permian-Triassic boundary, was placed at about 11° North. The tracks, both arranged in trackways and documented by single, well-preserved imprints, are assigned to Isochirotherium gardettensis ichnosp. nov., and are here interpreted as produced by a non-archosaurian archosauriform (erytrosuchid?) trackmaker. This new discovery provides further evidence for the presence of archosauriformes at low latitudes during the Early Triassic epoch, supporting a model in which the PTME did not completely vacate low-latitude lands from tetrapods that therefore would have been able to cope with the extreme hot temperatures of Pangaea mainland.

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“…To date, erythrosuchids are totally unknown from North America and Europe, being described only from Russia, South Africa, China and India (see Gower, 2003;Ezcurra, Butler & Gower, 2013;Ezcurra et al, 2019;Ezcurra et al, 2020;Gower et al, 2014;Ezcurra, 2016). Thus, the material from the Lower Triassic deposits of Gardetta could represent the first occurrence of the clade in Europe, although, as already pointed out, the attribution is for the moment only tentative and new studies are underway to better constrain the identity of the zoological trackmaker.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Early Triassic erythrosuchid skeletal fossils are known from the late Olenekian of Russia, South Africa, China and India (see Gower, 2003;Ezcurra, Butler & Gower, 2013;Ezcurra et al, 2019;Ezcurra et al, 2020;Gower et al, 2014;Ezcurra, 2016). The Gardetta ichnosite suggests the presence of erythrosuchids and more generally of Archosauriformes at low latitudes (11.8 • N) also during the Early Triassic (Fig.…”

Section: Biochronology and Biogeographymentioning

confidence: 97%

Figure 6: Colour-coded, contour line and interpretative drawing of the GT-7 trackway.

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Early Archosauromorphs: The Crocodile and Dinosaur Precursors

Cited by 15 publications

References 11 publications

The postcranial skeleton of the erythrosuchid archosauriformGarjainia primafrom the Early Triassic of European Russia

The postcranial skeleton of the erythrosuchid archosauriformGarjainia primafrom the Early Triassic of European Russia

Archosauriform footprints in the Lower Triassic of Western Alps and their role in understanding the effects of the Permian-Triassic hyperthermal

Figure 6: Colour-coded, contour line and interpretative drawing of the GT-7 trackway.

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