Early- and middle-stage fluted stone tool bases found near Fox Lake, Wayne County Ohio: Clovis or not?

Norris, James D.; Stephens, Charles; Eren, Metin I.

doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.03.015

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Without functional constraints, the historical trajectory (O'Brien et al 2014; Shott 2013) of fluting persisted in Dalton but was deemphasized and became a vestigial attribute on the downward slope of its adaptive peak (cf. Brantingham and Kuhn 2001; Lycett and Eren 2013; Norris et al 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using 3D Models to Understand the Changing Role of Fluting in Paleoindian Point Technology from Clovis to Dalton

et al. 2022

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Fluting is a technological and morphological hallmark of some of the most iconic North American Paleoindian stone points. Through decades of detailed artifact analyses and replication experiments, archaeologists have spent considerable effort reconstructing how flute removals were achieved, and they have explored possible explanations of why fluting was such an important aspect of early point technologies. However, the end of fluting has been less thoroughly researched. In southern North America, fluting is recognized as a diagnostic characteristic of Clovis points dating to approximately 13,000 cal yr BP, the earliest widespread use of fluting. One thousand years later, fluting occurs more variably in Dalton and is no longer useful as a diagnostic indicator. How did fluting change, and why did point makers eventually abandon fluting? In this article, we use traditional 2D measurements, geometric morphometric (GM) analysis of 3D models, and 2D GM of flute cross sections to compare Clovis and Dalton point flute and basal morphologies. The significant differences observed show that fluting in Clovis was highly standardized, suggesting that fluting may have functioned to improve projectile durability. Because Dalton points were used increasingly as knives and other types of tools, maximizing projectile functionality became less important. We propose that fluting in Dalton is a vestigial technological trait retained beyond its original functional usefulness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using 3D Models to Understand the Changing Role of Fluting in Paleoindian Point Technology from Clovis to Dalton

et al. 2022

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“…Points were assigned to type, following a commonly used regional guide (Justice, 1987), granting previously published caveats (e.g., Buchanan et al, 2018; Eren et al, 2018, 2021; Maguire et al, 2018; Norris et al, 2019; Redmond, 2017). Point samples by time period for both Welling and the northern counties are presented in Table 1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, we aimed to assess whether the exotic Upper Mercer chert at the northern sites used for more complex tools like projectile points was of higher quality than that used for simpler tools like drills or scrapers. Points were assigned to type, following a commonly used regional guide (Justice, 1987), granting previously published caveats (e.g., Buchanan et al, 2018;Eren et al, , 2021Maguire et al, 2018;Norris et al, 2019;Redmond, 2017). Point samples by time period for both Welling and the northern counties are presented in Table 1.…”

Section: Study Area Previous Research and Current Questionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knapping quality of local versus exotic Upper Mercer chert (Ohio, USA) during the Holocene

et al. 2022

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Stone that fractured conchoidally was an important resource for prehistoric huntergatherers. In recent years, archaeologists have come to realize that rather than defining stone "quality" simply and implicitly as "high" or "low," a stone's quality can be best defined in several different explicit and often quantitative ways involving production, function, or social benefits. Here, we examine the stone quality-defined as "fracture predictability"-of Upper Mercer chert when it is locally versus nonlocally acquired by prehistoric people in Ohio, USA. By quantitatively assessing silicon dioxide (SiO 2 ) content and loss on ignition, we compared stone tools from a site at the Upper Mercer outcrop (n = 42) to those found at archaeological sites over 100 km north of it (n = 126). Our results showed that the former on average were of significantly higher quality than the latter. We conclude with a consideration of factors that could cause this difference in quality, suggesting that the lower quality of Upper Mercer chert in northern Ohio might be explained by northern people's decreased familiarity with it during the Archaic period and by their decreased access to it during the Woodland and Late Precontact periods.

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“…As Williams et al (2019) note, some of the point types slightly overlap temporally and individual specimens of the same type may represent different time periods (e.g. Buchanan et al, 2018; Eren, Meltzer, & Andrews, 2021; Maguire et al, 2018; Norris et al, 2019; Redmond, 2017). Nevertheless, this sample comprises point forms dating to every major archaeological period in the North American Holocene—except the Middle Woodland: Early Archaic (n = 12); Middle Archaic (n = 5); Late Archaic (n = 16); Early Woodland (n = 8); and Late Woodland (n = 16) (Williams et al, 2019).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using visible derivative spectroscopy to assess flaked projectile point provenance: Application and preliminary analysis of the welling site, Ohio, U.S.A

et al. 2022

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Linking the stone raw material of a lithic artifact to its original outcrop is an important endeavor that facilitates archaeologists' understanding of prehistoric mobility, trade, economics, and land use. Based on macroscopic identification, archaeologists' presume that prehistoric Holocene occupants of the Welling Site, Ohio, made use of the locally available Upper Mercer chert for the majority of their projectile points.Here we apply visible derivative spectroscopy (VDS) to quantitatively assess this claim by examining 55 projectile points from the site. VDS identified 85%, whereas macroscopic analysis found 73% of the projectile points examined derived from the Upper Mercer Chert. These proportions are not statistically different given the sample size. Although the VDS analysis supported the hypothesis that Welling's Holocene projectile points were predominately produced from Upper Mercer chert, discrepancies between the results of macroscopic versus VDS chert identification point to future avenues of research including an expansion of VDS analyzed hand samples and comparison of VDS to other sourcing methods. Nevertheless, we propose that VDS has much promise and should be researched further so that archaeologists' can add another tool to their lithic artifact raw material sourcing toolbox.

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Early- and middle-stage fluted stone tool bases found near Fox Lake, Wayne County Ohio: Clovis or not?

Cited by 12 publications

References 15 publications

Using 3D Models to Understand the Changing Role of Fluting in Paleoindian Point Technology from Clovis to Dalton

Using 3D Models to Understand the Changing Role of Fluting in Paleoindian Point Technology from Clovis to Dalton

Knapping quality of local versus exotic Upper Mercer chert (Ohio, USA) during the Holocene

Using visible derivative spectroscopy to assess flaked projectile point provenance: Application and preliminary analysis of the welling site, Ohio, U.S.A

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