Early adolescent outcomes for institutionally‐deprived and non‐deprived adoptees. I: Disinhibited attachment

Rutter, Michael; Colvert, Emma; Kreppner, Jana; Beckett, Celia; Castle, Jenny; Groothues, Christine; Hawkins, Amanda; O’Connor, Thomas G.; Stevens, Suzanne; Sonuga‐Barke, Edmund

doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01688.x

Cited by 284 publications

(357 citation statements)

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“…These studies have documented profound problems in the attachment relationships that young children form with caregivers following early deprivation. In addition, these children are reported to display abnormal social behavior toward adults (e.g., [18][19][20]. Additional research has examined the social behavior of institutionalized children among their peers, including their social skills, close relationships, or friendships.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of early intervention and the moderating effects of brain activity on institutionalized children's social skills at age 8

Almas

Degnan

Radulescu

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

103

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The present study examined the social skills of previously institutionalized, 8-y-old Romanian children from the Bucharest Early Intervention Project and the influence of attachment security and brain electrical activity (alpha power) on these skills. Participants included children randomized to an intervention involving foster care [Foster Care Group (FCG)], children randomized to remain in institutions [Care As Usual Group (CAUG)], and neverinstitutionalized children living with their families in the Bucharest community [Never-Institutionalized Group (NIG)]. A continuous rating of children's attachment security to their primary caregiver was assessed at 42 mo of age. When children were 8 y old, teachers rated their social skills, and the children's resting electroencephalogram alpha power was recorded. Teachers rated social skills of FCG children who were placed into foster care before 20 mo of age as no different from NIG children, and both of these groups were higher than CAUG children and FCG children placed after 20 mo. Electroencephalogram alpha power at age 8 significantly moderated the relations between attachment security and social skills. These findings characterize institutionalized children's social skills in middle childhood within the context of a randomized intervention while highlighting the roles of both relational and biological factors in these developmental trajectories.social behavior | neglect | early experience T he present study examined 8-y-old children who had a history of institutional rearing to better understand the impact of this early experience on social skill development in middle childhood. Specifically, we examined the timing of an intervention (placement into a foster care home), as well as attachment security with the primary caregiver at 42 mo and children's brain electrical activity in relation to teacher-rated social skills at 8 y of age.Considerable research has been conducted examining the consequences of severe emotional and physical deprivation associated with institutional rearing across physical, cognitive, and social domains (e.g., 1-4). Recently, these findings have been augmented by demonstrations of abnormal brain structure and functioning following severe early deprivation (5-10). Across these studies, several factors appear to influence outcomes, for example, age of placement into an institution (11), timing of removal and placement in a family (2), and sex of the child (12).Additional work has focused on social developmental outcomes following institutional rearing. Many studies have characterized children's attachment relationships formed with institutional (13, 14), adoptive (15), or foster (16, 17) caregivers. These studies have documented profound problems in the attachment relationships that young children form with caregivers following early deprivation. In addition, these children are reported to display abnormal social behavior toward adults (e.g., 18-20). Additional research has examined the social behavior of institutionalized children among their ...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of early intervention and the moderating effects of brain activity on institutionalized children's social skills at age 8

Almas

Degnan

Radulescu

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This suggests that other factors, such as a more complex presentation or less certain history, may influence clinical diagnosis in adopted children The influence of unmeasured or subjective factors in DSM-IV diagnosis is well known and was best demonstrated by Lord et al, 36 who found that expert autism centers generated very different patterns of DSM-IV diagnoses, which were not explained by ADOS scores or autism symptoms. In theory, some of these children might be similar to those with "quasi-autism" in the ERA study, 4,14 although that is difficult to assess without more data. It is also possible that clinicians are more likely to diagnose PDD-NOS in a child who has co-occurring externalizing or internalizing behaviors, resulting in other psychiatric diagnoses to which the ASD symptoms might be attributed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An additional 12 children (8.5%) had some ASD symptoms but fell short of diagnosis, largely due to better social and communication function. 14,15 A myriad of factors moderate the associated risks within the population of adopted children, including age at adoption, previous institutionalization, and international versus domestic adoption. 1,9,10,[16][17][18] Importantly, early intervention, including adoption, may prevent later cognitive and emotional problems in institutionalized children.…”

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confidence: 99%

Pattern of Diagnosis and Co-occurring Symptoms in Adopted Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

et al. 2016

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To determine whether adopted children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) differ from the general ASD population in terms of diagnosis, internalizing and externalizing behaviors, sleep problems, and medications. METHODS:We studied 163 adoptees in the Autism Speaks Autism Treatment Network (ATN) in comparison with 5624 nonadopted ATN participants (aged 1.5-17.6 years; mean [SD] = 6.2 [3.4] years). Gender, age, race, ethnicity, IQ, and categorical Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, ASD diagnosis were tested for differences by group (adopted versus nonadopted) by using independent-samples t tests for continuous variables and Fisher's exact tests for categorical variables. Logistic or linear regression models were used to examine the association between adoption status and several outcome variables, after controlling for covariates. RESULTS:After controlling for demographics and diagnosis, there were significant differences in group characteristics, including greater propensity for externalizing behavior (P < .001), internalizing behavior (P = .001), and sleep problems (P < .001) in the adopted population. Adoptees were also prescribed psychotropic medications (P < .001) more often than the nonadoptees. Adoptees received a diagnosis of pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified significantly more frequently than controls (odds ratio = 1.8; CI = 1.3-2.5; P < .001), despite no significant difference in symptoms on standardized measures. CONCLUSIONS:These results suggest that the population of adopted children with ASD differs from the general ASD population both with regard to diagnostic subtype and co-occurring behavioral problems. Future research should evaluate the contributions of specific factors associated with adoption such as biological family history, pregnancy history, early childhood experience, and age at adoption.

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“…The Disinhibited form (that we focus on in this paper) is known to be associated with significant psychiatric morbidity (Rutter et al, 2007) and can persist despite changes in care giving context (Gleason et al, 2011). The core characteristic of Disinhibited RAD (dRAD) is indiscriminate friendliness.…”

Section: Reactive Attachment Disordermentioning

confidence: 99%

Disinhibited reactive attachment disorder symptoms impair social judgements from faces

Miellet

Caldara

Gillberg

et al. 2014

Psychiatry Research

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SummaryTypically developing adults and children can rapidly reach consensus regarding the trustworthiness of unfamiliar faces. Maltreated children can have problems with trusting others, yet those with the disinhibited form of Reactive Attachment Disorder (dRAD) can be indiscriminately friendly. Whether children with dRAD symptoms appraise and conform to typical judgements about trustworthiness of faces is still unknown. We recorded eye movements of 10 maltreated dRAD children and 10 age and gender matched typically developing control children while they made social judgements from faces. Children were presented with a series of pairs of faces previously judged by adults to have high or low attractiveness or trustworthiness ratings. Typically developing children reached a consensus regarding which faces were the most trustworthy and attractive. There was less agreement among the children with dRAD symptoms. Judgments from the typically developing children showed a strong correlation between the attractiveness and trustworthiness tasks.This was not the case for the dRAD group, who showed less agreement and no significant correlation between trustworthiness and attractiveness judgments. Finally, both groups of children sampled the eye region to perform social judgments. Our data offer a unique insight in children with dRAD symptoms, providing novel and important knowledge for their rehabilitation.

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Early adolescent outcomes for institutionally‐deprived and non‐deprived adoptees. I: Disinhibited attachment

Abstract: Disinhibited attachment constitutes a valid, and handicapping, clinical pattern that is strongly associated with an institutional rearing.

Cited by 284 publications

References 32 publications

Effects of early intervention and the moderating effects of brain activity on institutionalized children's social skills at age 8

Effects of early intervention and the moderating effects of brain activity on institutionalized children's social skills at age 8

Pattern of Diagnosis and Co-occurring Symptoms in Adopted Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Disinhibited reactive attachment disorder symptoms impair social judgements from faces

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