E-scooters and the City – head to toe injuries

Abstract

In the recent years electric scooters have become much more common. As the number of drivers increased, so did the number of accidents and injuries involving e-scooters. The most common are head and neck injuries, including open wounds of soft tissues, traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), fractures of the skull bones, and intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH). The second most frequent are injuries to both upper and lower limbs. Fractures of the spine and injuries to the chest and abdominal cavity are less common. Many injuries could be avoided by using helmets, not driving e-scooters under the influence of intoxicating substances, and systematizing the rules of using e- scooters among other road traffic users.

Characteristics of E-Scooter-Related Maxillofacial Injuries over 2019–2022—Retrospective Study from Poznan, Poland

“…The first city in Poland to introduce a commercial scooter rental service via a digital application was the capital city, Warsaw, in 2018 [6]. Subsequently, the systems were introduced in other large Polish cities (in Poznan, the introduction of companies allowing e-scooter rental via an application took place in December 2018).…”

“…Currently, such services are also available in smaller towns. The maximum speed allowed by law for an electric scooter in Poland is 20 kilometres per hour, although commercially sold vehicles can reach much higher speeds [6]. In addition, electric scooters can be used by people from the age of 10, and there is no obligation to wear a helmet.…”

“…With the increase in the number of users of electric scooters, the number of accidents involving them has increased significantly [7][8][9][10]. The casualties are most commonly drivers of scooters, who fall as a result of an impact with improper infrastructure or another vehicle [6,11,12]. Because of this, determining the injury pattern and assessing the circumstances of the incidents are necessary.…”

The Dependent Coordinates in the Linearization of Constrained Multibody Systems: Handling and Elimination

“…Eccarius et al [69] presented a review of consumer adoption of electric motorcycles, and Manrique et al [70] reviewed the main aspects concerning the kinematics, dynamics and control of two-wheeled vehicles, described within the multibody formulation. Several works in the literature are devoted to the stability of bicycles [14,[71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78], the study of safety and injuries resulting from the use of electric kickscooters [79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86] and the stability of electric kickscooters [87][88][89]. As case studies to illustrate the role of the dependent coordinates in the linearization procedures outlined in this work, the linear stability results of a bicycle and an e-scooter multibody model have been utilized.…”