E-Parties: Democratic and Republican State Parties in 2000

Abstract

A B S T R A C TThis research examines the form and content of state party websites in the 2000 US election, and considers whether or not state parties are following the lead of the national parties. Generally, state parties attempted to provide essential party functions online, but lacked technical sophistication in 2000. The range of state party websites was broad -from state parties that lacked simple graphics to those with streaming video. Highly integrated parties (those receiving large softmoney transfers) produced the strongest websites and demonstrated the most expertise in this emerging medium.

Surfing to the Élysée: The Internet in the 2007 French Elections

“…From these general categories, a set of individual variables can be derived to measure the various ways in which party functions and site sophistication are embodied in parties' websites. Other significant methodological contributions came from Norris (2003) and Farmer and Fender (2005). Following their research, each website was assigned a score for every variable (most often 0 for the absence and 1 for the presence of a characteristic).…”

Online Campaigning in France, 2007–2012: Political Actors and Citizens in the Aftermath of the Web.2.0 Evolution

“…This was derived by calculating an overall mean per type of communication from the maximum possible score in that strategy. This allows for straightforward comparisons of categories despite containing unequal numbers of features (Farmer & Fender, 2005;. The coding of the candidates' websites was performed during the week before the first round of Presidential elections between April 9 and 19, 2007 and April 12 and 22, 2012.…”

Comparing online campaigning: The evolution of interactive campaigning from Royal to Obama to Hollande

“…A second categorisation strategy aligns the features specifically to indicators for a hypermedia campaign. For each set of categorisations, we develop an average performance score (calculated as a percentage score by dividing the number of features appearing by the maximum possible for each feature category), this is a standard measure that allows direct comparability between parties and across time (Farmer and Fender, 2005;Schweitzer, 2008;Vaccari, 2008;Larsson, 2011). Cumulatively we are able to determine the extent to which parties adhere to the principles of communication within Web 2.0 environments, utilising the standard McMillan schematic.…”