“…The Nigerian government unveiled its National Information Technology Policy and e-government masterplan in 2001 to similarly digitize public services and operations (Abdulkareem, 2015; Ifinedo, 2005). However, progress has been slow due to infrastructure limitations, skills gaps among civil servants, change resistance and lack of user participation in technology design (Oni et al ., 2016; Abdulkareem and Ramli, 2021c). Challenges highlighted in Nigeria’s e-government implementation include inadequate ICT infrastructure, especially Internet connectivity issues in public sector organizations, lack of qualified personnel to manage systems, bureaucratic resistance to change and low involvement of end-users in e-government design, affecting adoption (Abdulkareem, 2015).…”