“…The deployment of e-assessment is notably linked to several technological, pedagogical, financial, and operational issues, rendering its implementation and practicality in real-world scenarios a challenging and complex matter. Some of the major challenges in the electronification of assessment processes include high initial cost of investment (Ghouali et al, 2020), Internet quota, access, and poor signal coverage (Agung et al, 2020;Basuony et al, 2020), and computing infrastructure constraints (Niemi & Kousa, 2020;Wahab & Iskandar, 2020;Bączek et al, 2021). Other challenges include software issues (Abduh, 2021), cheating and security threats on academic integrity (Mukhtar et al, 2020), content design (Doğan et al, 2020), teachers' lack of trust (Mostafa, 2023), unpreparedness and educator readiness (Efriana, 2021;Vergonia & Mombas, 2022), and students' digital illiteracy (Windram et al, 2022).…”