“…Thus the (e,2e) cross section can be measured as a function of q and E bind , because the energy and momentum of the incident electron are known beforehand. When the (e,2e) reaction takes place so that it is described by the binary encounter approximation, 45,53 which assumes a clean knockout, billiard-like collision between the incident electron and a bound target electron with the residual ion acting as a spectator, the initial momentum of the target electron p, before ionization, is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to the ion recoil momentum q:…”