“…Several neural pathways and neurobiological mechanisms such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and extrahypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) circuits have been identified by which ELS may increase the risk for mood dysregulation, stress-related disorders and addiction (Nemeroff, 2016). Emerging evidence now suggests that ELS-induced alterations of reward-and stress-related brain regions such as ventral tegmental area (VTA), amygdala, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex and LHb may underlie the increased risk for ELS-induced psychopathology (Authement et al, 2015(Authement et al, , 2018Peña et al, 2017Peña et al, , 2019Tchenio et al, 2017;Bolton et al, 2018a;Simmons et al, 2020;Langlois et al, 2021;Oh et al, 2021;Shepard and Nugent, 2021). Specifically, recent studies provided compelling evidence that the LHb is a critical converging brain region for ELS-induced dysregulation of reward circuits (Tchenio et al, 2017;Authement et al, 2018;Bolton et al, 2018b;Simmons et al, 2020).…”