Dysfunctional schema modes, childhood trauma and dissociation in borderline personality disorder

Johnston, Craig; Dorahy, Martin J.; Courtney, Deyra; Bayles, Terry; O'Kane, Maria

doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2008.12.002

Cited by 40 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…Also, findings revealed that the vulnerable, angry and impulsive child modes can affect BPD. These findings are consistent with some previous studies [15][16][17]. Lobbestael et al [15] showed that BPD is associated with the vulnerable, angry, enraged, impulsive, compliant surrender and detached self-soother child schema modes, and the punitive parent and healthy adult modes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Lobbestael et al [15] showed that BPD is associated with the vulnerable, angry, enraged, impulsive, compliant surrender and detached self-soother child schema modes, and the punitive parent and healthy adult modes. Johnston et al [17] and Lobbestael et al [15] showed that the vulnerable, impulsive and angry child modes can be significant predictors of BPD. Also, our findings on the role of the angry and impulsive child modes in BPD are consistent with Arntz & et al's [16] that showed among the modes proposed by Young, the angry and impulsive child modes have significant roles in BPD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The researchers compared those schemas among borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder (APD) patients and showed that patients with BPD score higher on four of the schemas than patients with APD. With regard to histrionic personality disorder (HPD), Young suggested that the approval-seeking, impulsive, undisciplined and abandoned child schema modes are involved [17] and Bamelis et al [13] confirmed the association of HPD with the attention and approval-seeking modes, whereas child schema modes -as suggested by Young -did not correlate with HPD.…”

Section: According To the Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mentalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Schema modes in cluster B personality disorders

Dadashzadeh¹,

Hekmati²,

Gholizadeh³

et al. 2016

Arch Psych Psych

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SummaryAim: The present study aimed to investigate the role of schema modes in cluster B personality disorders. Materials and methods:The participants were 220 individuals -38 men and 137 women -selected from psychiatric and psychological clinics in Tabriz, Iran. Among the participants, 153 individuals were diagnosed with cluster B personality disorder (44 with borderline disorder, 16 with antisocial disorder, 56 with histrionic disorder and 37 with narcissistic personality disorder). The remaining 67 participants had no personality disorder. The diagnosis was based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II disorders (SCID-II). All participants (with or without personality disorder) were assessed with Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MC-MI-III) and Schema Mode Inventory (SMI).Results: Vulnerable, angry and impulsive child modes are predictors of borderline personality disorder, and angry child, self-soother and healthy adult modes are predictors of antisocial personality disorder. The impulsive and happy child, the attack-bully and healthy adult schema modes predict histrionic personality disorder. Finally, the angry child, happy child, self-soother and self-aggrandizer schema modes could predict narcissistic personality disorder. Conclusions:Special schema modes have a role in explaining cluster B personality disorders, and yet these disorders may overlap with regard to some dimensions, especially in terms of cognitions and beliefs. This can be interpreted as a lack of specificity in categorical classification systems such as the DSM. personality disorder/cluster B/schema modes/cognitive theory of personality disorder

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: According To the Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mentalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Schema modes in cluster B personality disorders

Dadashzadeh¹,

Hekmati²,

Gholizadeh³

et al. 2016

Arch Psych Psych

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“…The dissociation between modes in ST might be described in terms of structural organization of the personality and concerns the divisions and the organization of the personality or consciousness (i.e., structural dissociation), as originally advocated by Janet (1907). Dysfunctional schema modes are essentially ‘facets of the self’ that have not been integrated into a cohesive personality structure and therefore operate in a dissociated manner (Johnston et al, 2009). The constant alternation of the modes is directly related to their dissociated nature.…”

Section: Schema Therapy Model Of Emotion Dysregulation and Emotion Rementioning

confidence: 99%

Schema Therapy for Emotional Dysregulation: Theoretical Implication and Clinical Applications

Dadomo

Grecucci

Giardini³

et al. 2016

Front. Psychol.

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The term emotional dysregulation refers to an impaired ability to regulate unwanted emotional states. Scientific evidence supports the idea that emotional dysregulation underlies several psychological disorders as, for example: personality disorders, bipolar disorder type II, interpersonal trauma, anxiety disorders, mood disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder. Emotional dysregulation may derive from early interpersonal traumas in childhood. These early traumatic events create a persistent sensitization of the central nervous system in relation to early life stressing events. For this reason, some authors suggest a common endophenotypical origin across psychopathologies. In the last 20 years, cognitive behavioral therapy has increasingly adopted an interactive-ontogenetic view to explain the development of disorders associated to emotional dysregulation. Unfortunately, standard Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) methods are not useful in treating emotional dysregulation. A CBT-derived new approach called Schema Therapy (ST), that integrates theory and techniques from psychodynamic and emotion focused therapy, holds the promise to fill this gap in cognitive literature. In this model, psychopathology is viewed as the interaction between the innate temperament of the child and the early experiences of deprivation or frustration of the subject’s basic needs. This deprivation may lead to develop early maladaptive schemas (EMS), and maladaptive Modes. In the present paper we point out that EMSs and Modes are associated with either dysregulated emotions or with dysregulatory strategies that produce and maintain problematic emotional responses. Thanks to a special focus on the therapeutic relationship and emotion focused-experiential techniques, this approach successfully treats severe emotional dysregulation. In this paper, we make several comparisons between the main ideas of ST and the science of emotion regulation, and we present how to conceptualize pathological phenomena in terms of failed regulation and some of the ST strategies and techniques to foster successful regulation in patients.

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“…Trait-like maladaptive schema are a set of internal working models and coping responses that preserve itself through cognitive deficiency, self-defeating life patterns and poor coping strategies that result in psychological and personality disorders (8). These maladaptive schemas root from early trauma or toxic experiences (5), and studies show that 87% of BPD patients have experienced various trauma including neglect and sexual (26%), physical (46%), emotional and verbal (72%) abuses particularly between ages of 6 and 12 years (9,10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing and Testing a Model of Some Precedents and Outcomes of Borderline Personality Disorder in High School Students of Shiraz

Sajadi¹,

Zargar²,

Honarmand³

et al. 2015

Int J School Health

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Background: Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) characterized by emotion dysregulation, disturbed interpersonal relationship, unstable sense of self, affect and behavior, is a severe disorder with a reported suicide rate 50 times the general population. Objectives: The aim of this study was designing and testing a model for some antecedents and outcomes of borderline personality disorder. Patients and Methods:In this research child's attitude toward father and mother, early trauma, alexithymia, schema, dissociation experiences, and emotional regulation were considered as precedents of borderline personality disorder, along with associated outcomes including active addiction potential, passive addiction potential, suicide ideation and educational performance. The sample consisted of 300 high school students of Shiraz that selected via multistage random sampling. Data were collected by Borderline Personality Features Scale for Children, Early Trauma Inventory, Young's schema questionnaire-short form, Dissociative Experience Scale, Child's Attitude toward Father (CAF) and Mother (CAM) Scales, Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Iranian Addiction Potential Scale (IAPS), and Beck Suicide ideation Scale. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) through AMOS 18 and SPSS 18 were used for data analysis. Results: Results suggested that model with some modification had good fit with the data. Also 2 out of 15 direct paths (the child's attitude toward father and child's attitude toward mother to emotional regulation) were not significant and thus omitted from the model. All the indirect hypotheses of model were confirmed. Conclusions: Alexithymia is correlated with all aspects of emotion dysregulation including impulsivity, negative affect, and difficulty in engaging goal-oriented behaviors and lack of skills for managing strong emotions. BPD or alexithymia patients have difficulties also in engaging cognitive reappraisal.

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Dysfunctional schema modes, childhood trauma and dissociation in borderline personality disorder

Cited by 40 publications

References 12 publications

Schema modes in cluster B personality disorders

Schema modes in cluster B personality disorders

Schema Therapy for Emotional Dysregulation: Theoretical Implication and Clinical Applications

Designing and Testing a Model of Some Precedents and Outcomes of Borderline Personality Disorder in High School Students of Shiraz

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