Dysbiosis of gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease: Current therapies and potential for microbiota-modulating therapeutic approaches

Abstract

There is a growing body of evidence reinforcing the unique connections between the host microbiome, health and diseases. Due to the extreme importance of the symbiotic relationship between the intestinal microbiome and the host, it is not surprising that any alteration in the gut microbiota would result in various diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). IBD is a chronic, relapsing-remitting condition that is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, compromised quality of life and costly medical care. Dysbiosis is believed to exacerbate the progression of IBD. One of the currently used treatments for IBD are anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) drugs, representing a biologic therapy that is reported to have an impact on the gut microbiota composition. The efficacy of anti-TNF agents is hindered by the possibility of non-response, which occurs in 10-20% of treated patients, and secondary loss of response, which occurs in up to 30% of treated patients. This underscores the need for novel therapies and studies that evaluate the role of the gut microbiota in these conditions. The success of any therapeutic strategy for IBD depends on our understanding of the interactions that occur between the gut microbiota and the host. In this review, the health and disease IBD-associated microbiota patterns will be discussed, in addition to the effect of currently used therapies for IBD on the gut microbiota composition, as well as new therapeutic approaches that can be used to overcome the current treatment constraints.

Gut microbiota-derived 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid mediates the anti-colitis effect of Phellinus gilvus in mice

“…A great number of previous studies have demonstrated that the gut microbiota or modulation of the gut microbiota associated with development or control of colitis [24][25][26][27][28], although the precise knowledge regarding the speci c bacterial species and the active metabolites that can be used for the clinical management of colitis remains to be de ned. In the current study, we not only demonstrated the key role of the gut microbes and metabolites in mediation of SH anti-colitis effect in a mouse model of colitis, but also identi ed A. onderdonkii as a novel bene cial microorganism that possessed an anti-colitis activity in vivo.…”

Microbiota medicine: towards clinical revolution

“…A tremendous amount of extensive research work has been done in the last decades, and has revealed that the gut microbiota dysbiosis can be associated with many pathologies within the human body [ 21 ], such as periodontitis and caries [ 23 , 24 ], various metabolic disorders [ 25 – 27 ], chronic inflammatory bowel syndromes [ 28 ], cardiovascular diseases (CVD) [ 29 , 30 ], cancer [ 31 , 32 ], as well as chronic kidney diseases (CKD) [ 33 , 34 ]. The extent to which gut microbiota dysbiosis may exert this systemic control and cause the induction of a given pathology depends on the functionality of gut barrier and the maturity of the immune system of the recipient [ 35 ].…”

Association between Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels, Diet, and Body Mass Index in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

“…The two most common, namely, Crohn disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are associated with disturbance of the intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis) [ 1 , 2 ]. The gut microbiota plays an important role in the regulation of intestinal homeostasis, including maturation and the functioning of epithelial and immune cells [ 3 ]. Recent studies have emphasized that dysbiosis is related to the pathogenesis of IBD and may exacerbate the course of the disease [ 2 , 3 ].…”

“…The gut microbiota plays an important role in the regulation of intestinal homeostasis, including maturation and the functioning of epithelial and immune cells [ 3 ]. Recent studies have emphasized that dysbiosis is related to the pathogenesis of IBD and may exacerbate the course of the disease [ 2 , 3 ]. Changes in the gut microbiota have been frequently observed in patients with IBD, with certain changes clearly linked to either CD or UC: the most consistent alteration is a reduction in Firmicutes [ 4 ].…”