Dynamics of West Nile virus evolution in mosquito vectors

Grubaugh, Nathan D.; Ebel, Gregory D.

doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2016.09.007

Cited by 43 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…All four of the important endemic to Canada arboviruses (WNV, EEEV, Jamestown Canyon virus and snowshoe hare virus) are transmitted through bites of infected female mosquitoes that have acquired pathogens from specific mammalian or avian reservoir hosts (9). The main mosquito vectors for WNV are Culex pipiens and Cx.…”

Section: Endemic Mosquito Species In Canadamentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased risk of endemic mosquito-borne diseases in Canada due to climate change

Ludwig¹,

Zheng²,

Vrbova³

et al. 2019

CCDR

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There are currently over 80 species of mosquito endemic in Canada-although only a few of these carry pathogens that can cause disease in humans. West Nile virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus and the California serogroup viruses (including the Jamestown Canyon and snowshoe hare viruses) are mosquito-borne viruses that have been found to cause human infections in North America, including in Canada. Over the last 20 years, the incidence of most of these endemic mosquito-borne diseases (MBD) has increased approximately 10% in Canada, due in large part to climate change. It is anticipated that both the mosquito lifecycle and virus transmission patterns will be affected by climate change, resulting in an increase in both the range and local abundance of several important mosquito species. Laboratory studies and mathematical modelling suggest that increased ambient temperatures, changes in precipitation and extreme weather events associated with climate change will likely continue to drive mosquito vector and MBD range expansion, increasing the duration of transmission seasons and leading to MBD-related epidemics. Furthermore, Canada's endemic MBDs have complex transmission cycles, involving multiple reservoir hosts (birds and mammals), multiple pathogens and multiple mosquito species-all of which may be sensitive to climate and other environmental changes, and making forecasting of potential emerging trends difficult. These expected climate-induced changes in mosquitoes and MBDs underline the need for continued (and expanded) surveillance and research to ensure timely and accurate evaluation of the risks to the public health of Canadians. Affiliations

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Section: Endemic Mosquito Species In Canadamentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased risk of endemic mosquito-borne diseases in Canada due to climate change

Ludwig¹,

Zheng²,

Vrbova³

et al. 2019

CCDR

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“…Les quatre principaux arbovirus endémiques au Canada (le virus du Nil occidental, le virus EEE, le virus Jamestown Canyon et le virus Snowshoe hare) sont tous transmis par des piqûres de moustiques femelles infectés par des agents pathogènes contractés d'hôtes réservoirs mammifères ou aviaires bien précis (9). Les principaux moustiques vecteurs du virus du Nil occidental sont le Culex pipiens et le Cx.restuans dans l'Est du Canada et le Cx.tarsalis dans l'Ouest du Canada (10).…”

Section: Espèces De Moustiques Endémiques Au Canadaunclassified

Augmentation du risque de maladies endémiques au Canada transmises par des moustiques en raison du changement climatique

Ludwig¹,

Zheng²,

Vrbova³

et al. 2019

RMTC

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“…WNV has caused numerous recent outbreaks in North America and Europe leading to major concern for human and animal health [3,11]. In North America, the majority of arboviral encephalitis cases are attributable to WNV [12]. Although ~80% of human WNV infections are asymptomatic, a broad clinical spectrum can result ranging from a mild flu-like illness in ~20% of infected individuals (West Nile fever) to severe neurological disease through infection of the central nervous system (<1% of infected individuals) that can lead to death from meningitis, encephalitis, and acute flaccid paralysis [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The abundance and diversity of West Nile virus mosquito vectors in two Regional Units of Greece during the onset of the 2018 transmission season

Bisia

Jeffries

Lytra

et al. 2019

Preprint

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17Background: West Nile virus (WNV) is a zoonotic arbovirus of great medical and veterinary 18 importance, threatening the health of humans and equines worldwide. Mosquitoes belonging 19 to the Culex (Cx.) pipiens complex are major vectors but numerous other mosquito species 20 have also been implicated as vectors of WNV. Due to variations in blood-feeding behaviour, 21 the different biotypes and hybrids of Cx. pipiens influence the transmission of WNV, from 22 enzootic cycles (between mosquitoes and birds), to spill-over transmission to humans and 23 equines. 24Methods: In this study, mosquitoes were collected and analysed from two regional units 25 (RUs) of Greece with reported cases of WNV within the past 4 years; Palaio Flairo and 26 Argolida (in Attica and Peloponnese regions, respectively). Collections using different types 27 2 of mosquito surveillance traps were undertaken in May-June 2018 during the early period of 28 the WNV transmission season.29 Results: A total of 1062 mosquitoes were collected, with Biogents Sentinel traps (BG traps) 30 collecting both a greater number of mosquitoes across all species and Cx. pipiens complex 31 individuals than Centres for Disease Control miniature light traps (CDC traps) or Heavy Duty 32 Encephalitis Vector Survey traps (EVS traps). Identification of collected mosquitoes (using 33 both morphological keys and molecular barcoding) confirmed the presence of additional 34 species including Aedes (Ae.) albopictus, Ae. caspius and Culiseta (Cs.) longiareolata. The 35 prevalence of Cx. pipiens biotypes in the RU of Palaio Faliro was 54.5% pipiens type, 20.0% 36 molestus type and 25.5% hybrids. In the RU of Argolida, the collection comprised 68.1% 37 pipiens type, 8.3% molestus type and 23.6% hybrids. Screening individual unfed female38 mosquitoes for WNV (molecular xenomonitoring) resulted in detection in three females of the 39 pipiens type and in one hybrid; all collected from the RU of Argolida.40 Conclusions: As hybrids play an important role in spill-over transmission of WNV to 41 humans and equines, these findings highlight the importance of undertaking entomological 42 surveillance programs incorporating molecular xenomonitoring at the onset of the 43 transmission season to provide an early warning system for health authorities aiming to 44 prevent WNV outbreaks in Greece. 45 46 Keywords 47 52 genus [1-4]. Natural transmission of WNV mainly occurs in enzootic cycles between birds 53 and competent ornithophilic mosquito vectors, with avian species being the principal 54 3 maintenance and amplifying hosts of WNV as many species develop sufficient viremia for 55 onward transmission. This allows transmission to continue where competent mosquitoes are 56 present in a specific area under suitable environmental conditions [5]. Additionally, spill-over 57 transmission can occur when competent vectors feed on humans or horses. During natural 58 transmission these mammalian species are considered dead-end hosts since they cannot 59 sustain sufficient viraemia for further vec...

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Dynamics of West Nile virus evolution in mosquito vectors

Cited by 43 publications

References 81 publications

Increased risk of endemic mosquito-borne diseases in Canada due to climate change

Increased risk of endemic mosquito-borne diseases in Canada due to climate change

Augmentation du risque de maladies endémiques au Canada transmises par des moustiques en raison du changement climatique

The abundance and diversity of West Nile virus mosquito vectors in two Regional Units of Greece during the onset of the 2018 transmission season

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