Dynamics of textile motion in a front-loading domestic washing machine

Namara, Carl Mac; Gabriele, A.; Amador, Carlos; Bakalis, Serafim

doi:10.1016/j.ces.2012.03.009

Cited by 52 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…It is clear that relies on the tangential velocity of the inner drum. For all rotational speeds and water volumes, the highest appears near the top and bottom of the drum, where the tangential velocity of the drum in the x-direction is also the greatest, as descried in 17 . However, due to the falling motion of textiles, is at a maximum at the right-side drum wall where is greater than the velocity of inner drum.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…Textile dynamics in a front loading washer is not only influenced by the wash load, but also the rotational speed and water volume. Hence, to develop an optimized washer, it is necessary to study the effect of rotational speed and water volume on the textile dynamics including the textile velocities and the residence time distribution 17,20,21 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it is not clear how the textile motion was tracked. Mac Namara 11,17 used the technique of positron emission particle tracking (PEPT) to investigate the textile dynamics in a front loading washer for different washing load sizes, but the experiments had to be performed in a special environment due to radioactivity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of rotational speed and water volume on textile translational motion in a front-loading washer

Liu

Gong

Xu³

et al. 2018

Textile Research Journal

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Textile motion in a front-loading washer has been characterized via video capturing, and a processing system developed based on image geometric moment. Textile motion significantly contributes to the mass transfer of the wash solution in porous materials, particularly in the radial direction (perpendicular to the rotational axis of the inner drum). In this paper, the velocity profiles and residence time distributions of tracer textiles have been investigated to characterize the textile dynamics in a front-loading washer. The results show that the textile motion varies significantly with the water volume and rotational speed, and that the motion path follows certain patterns. Two regions are observed in the velocity plots: a passive region where the textile moves up with low velocity and an active region where the textile falls down with relatively high speed. A stagnant area in the residence time profile is observed. This corresponds to the passive region in the velocity profile. The stagnant area affects the mechanical action, thus influencing washing efficiency and textile performance. The findings on textile dynamics will help in the development of better front-loading washers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of rotational speed and water volume on textile translational motion in a front-loading washer

Liu

Gong

Xu³

et al. 2018

Textile Research Journal

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“…The explanation of this difference might be based on the soap used (chemical action) and/or the shaking process (mechanical action) applied in both methods. The chemical impact might be due to the emulsification actions of surfactants while the mechanical action is caused by the textiles impacting and rubbing against one another [42]. Mechanical action plays an important role in washing process [43], it is seen to be responsible for textile wear; so, it might be also the wear cause of removal insecticide from the net.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Laboratory Standard Washing Using CIPAC Washing Agent and the Domestic Washing on Three Recommended Types of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Mosquito Nets

et al. 2013

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BackgroundOne of the best ways to prevent malaria is the use of insecticide-treated bed nets. Manufacturers pursue easier, safer and more efficient nets. Hence, many studies on the efficacy and wash resistance using World Health Organization standards have been reported. The commonly used detergent is “Savon de Marseille”, because it closely resembles actually used soaps. At the 54th Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council (CIPAC) Technical Meeting in 2010, it was suggested to replace it by a standardized “CIPAC washing agent”. The aim of this study was to investigate the difference between a laboratory hand washing simulation using the CIPAC washing agent (method-1) and a domestic washing (method-2) on different bed nets, as well as the effect of the drying process on the release of active ingredient.MethodsInterceptor®, Permanet®2.0 and Netprotect® nets were used in three treatments, each repeated 20 times. The first treatment included method-1 washing and indoor drying. The second treatment included method-2 washing and indoor drying. The third treatment used method-2 washing and UV-drying. The residual insecticide contents were determined using gas chromatography.ResultsThe washing procedure and the number of washes have a significant effect on the release of active ingredient. Statistically, the two washing methods have the same effect on removing the active ingredient from the Interceptor® and Permanet®2.0 net, but a significantly different influence on the Netprotect® nets. The drying process has no significant effect on the insecticide.ConclusionBoth washing procedures affected the amount of insecticide remaining on nets independently of the impregnation technology. The active ingredient decreases with the number of washing cycles following an exponential or logarithmic model for coated nets. The laboratory hand washing simulation had more impact on the decrease of active ingredient content of the Netprotect® nets. All net types seemed to be effectively protected against UV-light.

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“…Accordingly, to further exam the impact of drying cycles on the properties of 100% wool- (Figure 3b). During drying, the fabric is simultaneously affected by several forces such as centrifugal force, gravity and friction force between fabric surfaces and between fabric and the drying drum (Mac Namara et al, 2012;Yun, Park, & Park, 2013a). These forces repeatedly act on the fibers and lead to fiber damage.…”

Section: Micro-damage Behavior Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on micro‐damage behavior of wool fabrics drying in domestic dryer

Wei

Wang

et al. 2017

Microscopy Res & Technique

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To evaluate the performance degradation of fabric drying in domestic air-vented dryer, the appearance, mechanical, and microscopic properties of the wool fabric after different drying cycles were studied. Pilling and dimensional stability tests were performed according to established international standards. Microscopic studies were carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray (XRD). The results show that pilling is the dominant damage mechanism and gradually increased during lower number of drying cycles (0-10 cycles). The results of dimensional stability showed that the highest dimensional shrinkage of knit wool fabric was first five drying cycles, and then increased at a relatively slow rate with the increase in drying cycles. And fabric shrinkage takes place mainly in the warp direction. The SEM images of wool fiber showed that the scales on the fiber surface were intact in the first 15 drying cycles but start to flake after 20 drying cycles. In the drying process, fabrics can suffer several fractures such as cut fracture, split fracture, partial fracture and distortion and even scale flaking and interior structural distortion of fiber. The damages occur quite randomly, but complexity and severity of damages increased with increase in drying cycles. XRD analysis showed that drying had little effect on fiber crystallinity, indicating that drying only leads to changes in the physical properties of wool fabrics instead of changes in the chemical composition of the fiber. And found SEM analysis is not only an effective method to characterize the change in the surface morphology of the fibers resulting from the drying treatments, but also explain the cause of fabric performance degradation such as pilling and strength reduction during drying.

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Dynamics of textile motion in a front-loading domestic washing machine

Cited by 52 publications

References 28 publications

The impact of rotational speed and water volume on textile translational motion in a front-loading washer

The impact of rotational speed and water volume on textile translational motion in a front-loading washer

Comparison of the Laboratory Standard Washing Using CIPAC Washing Agent and the Domestic Washing on Three Recommended Types of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Mosquito Nets

Research on micro‐damage behavior of wool fabrics drying in domestic dryer

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