Dynamics of Spanish tourism policy: the political system as a driver and policy instruments as indicators of change (1952-2015)

Rhetoric and reality in Bangladesh: elite stakeholder perceptions of the implementation of tourism policy

“…Hood (1986) offers a typology of policy instruments, divided them into four groups: information instruments, treasury instruments, authority instruments, and organisation instruments. Velasco (2016aVelasco ( , 2016b, analysing the implementation of Spanish tourism policy, adapted Hood's (1986) model in a categorisation of instruments involved in the implementation of tourism policy. The first of these are organisational instruments; the creation of specific organisations responsible for the implementation of tourism policy, and the relationships between these organisations and other organisations with interests in the outcomes of tourism policy.…”

“…Secondly, compulsory regulations and norms imply formal obligations related to tourism in terms of governments, businesses and other actors. Thirdly, Velasco (2016aVelasco ( , 2016b identifies incentive and promotion instruments, which seek to encourage private sector actors to align their activity with the goals of a tourism policy, such as tax incentives and grants. The fourth category of instruments are the improving knowledge instruments; the creation of new knowledge in tourism, the collection of new data, research and development programmes, or knowledge transfer between higher education and industry.…”

“…When discussing the specific instruments that were being used to implement tourism policy in Bangladesh, public sector respondents expressed a strong preference for the instruments described by Velasco (2016aVelasco ( , 2016b as incentive and promotion instruments. Regarding incentives, the representative from the Ministry of Planning (B2) stressed the need for the availability of public funding at the same time as the policy decisions are being made, to ensure that there are the necessary financial incentives available to attract the involvement of businesses in its implementation.…”

“…The view that the tourism industry itself should bear the financial burdens of implementation was not seen as negative by industry respondents, although they were keen to stress the importance of a supportive regulatory environment to do this; regulations and norms were seen as related to financial incentives by respondents (Velasco, 2016a(Velasco, , 2016b. They argued that private investors and entrepreneurs should be given much more freedom to develop their own projects and to make the most of entrepreneurial opportunities in tourism, to help the government to implement its tourism policies.…”

“…There was more limited, support for other kinds of instruments, with knowledge instruments (Velasco 2016a(Velasco , 2016b) often mentioned, with the intention to support tourism related businesses to grow. One of the university representatives suggested that 'private sector tourism should be given policy supports and access to capital loans so we can facilitate the development of tourism activities'.…”