Abstract:Biobanks are instrumental for accelerating research. Early in SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the Argentinean Biobank of Infectious Diseases (BBEI) initiated the COVID19 collection and started its characterization.Blood samples from subjects with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection either admitted to health institutions or outpatients, were enrolled. Highly exposed seronegative individuals, were also enrolled. Longitudinal samples were obtained in a subset of donors, including persons who donated plasma for therapeutic purpos… Show more
“…The median optical density (OD) of the COVIDAR assays for the detection of anti-Spike IgG was 3.55 (IQR 1.46–3.94); this value is close to the upper limit of detection of the assay (4) and correlates with a IgG titer more than 800 [ 16 ]. Once again, this could reflect a cross-reactivity of specific antibodies against epitopes of both viral proteins, which increases with higher levels of IgG.…”
Objective:
From the first-generation options available in 1985, tests to detect HIV-1 specific antibodies have increased its sensitivity and specificity. HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 surface glycoproteins present a certain degree of homology and shared epitope motifs, which results of relevance as both pandemics coexist. Here, we aimed to evaluate the rate of false-positive HIV serology results among individuals with COVID-19 diagnosis and in vaccinated individuals.
Design:
A retrospective analysis of the samples stored at the Infectious Disease Biobank in Argentina from donors with previous COVID-19 diagnosis or anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.
Methods:
Plasma samples were analyzed using Genscreen Ultra HIV Ag-Ab. In those with a positive result, the following assays were also performed: ELISA lateral flow Determine Early Detect; RecomLine HIV-1 & HIV-2 IgG and Abbott m2000 RealTime PCR for HIV-1 viral load quantification. In all samples, the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies was evaluated by ELISA using the COVIDAR kit. Statistical analysis was done using Pearson's and Fisher's exact chi-squared test; Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests.
Results:
Globally, the false-positive HIV ELISA rate was 1.3% [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.66–2.22;
χ
2
= 4.68,
P
= 0.03, when compared with the expected 0.4% false-positive rate]. It increased to 1.4% (95% CI 0.70–2.24,
χ
2
= 5.16,
P
= 0.02) when only samples from individuals with previous COVID-19 diagnosis, and to 1.8% (95% CI 0.91–3.06,
χ
2
= 7.99,
P
= 0.005) when only individuals with detectable IgG SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were considered.
Conclusion:
This higher occurrence of HIV false-positive results among individuals with detectable antibodies against Spike SARS-CoV-2 protein should be dispersed among virology testing settings, health providers, and authorities.
“…The median optical density (OD) of the COVIDAR assays for the detection of anti-Spike IgG was 3.55 (IQR 1.46–3.94); this value is close to the upper limit of detection of the assay (4) and correlates with a IgG titer more than 800 [ 16 ]. Once again, this could reflect a cross-reactivity of specific antibodies against epitopes of both viral proteins, which increases with higher levels of IgG.…”
Objective:
From the first-generation options available in 1985, tests to detect HIV-1 specific antibodies have increased its sensitivity and specificity. HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 surface glycoproteins present a certain degree of homology and shared epitope motifs, which results of relevance as both pandemics coexist. Here, we aimed to evaluate the rate of false-positive HIV serology results among individuals with COVID-19 diagnosis and in vaccinated individuals.
Design:
A retrospective analysis of the samples stored at the Infectious Disease Biobank in Argentina from donors with previous COVID-19 diagnosis or anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination.
Methods:
Plasma samples were analyzed using Genscreen Ultra HIV Ag-Ab. In those with a positive result, the following assays were also performed: ELISA lateral flow Determine Early Detect; RecomLine HIV-1 & HIV-2 IgG and Abbott m2000 RealTime PCR for HIV-1 viral load quantification. In all samples, the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies was evaluated by ELISA using the COVIDAR kit. Statistical analysis was done using Pearson's and Fisher's exact chi-squared test; Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests.
Results:
Globally, the false-positive HIV ELISA rate was 1.3% [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.66–2.22;
χ
2
= 4.68,
P
= 0.03, when compared with the expected 0.4% false-positive rate]. It increased to 1.4% (95% CI 0.70–2.24,
χ
2
= 5.16,
P
= 0.02) when only samples from individuals with previous COVID-19 diagnosis, and to 1.8% (95% CI 0.91–3.06,
χ
2
= 7.99,
P
= 0.005) when only individuals with detectable IgG SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were considered.
Conclusion:
This higher occurrence of HIV false-positive results among individuals with detectable antibodies against Spike SARS-CoV-2 protein should be dispersed among virology testing settings, health providers, and authorities.
“…The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, etiologic agent of COVID-19, has raised concerns around the world and Argentina was not the exception. 3 PWH were, a priori , considered an at-risk population for severe COVID-19. As clinical and immunological data was generated, controversies emerged mainly because different studies included PWH with different progression rates and PWH on and off antiretrovirals (ART).…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1 E), as was also reported previously by our group in HIVneg donors. 3 Figure 1 Clinical manifestations, anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses, B and T cell phenotype in PWH and HIVneg individuals. (A) Frequency of occurrence of the depicted symptoms in PWH (red) and HIVneg (blue) cohorts.…”
“…The current development of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 focuses on neutralizing antibodies against the spike protein (Chi et al, 2020a;Shi et al, 2020). In the early days of the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak, plasmapheresis of convalescent SARS-CoV-2 patients was implemented to supplement antibodies to those at risk due to the lack of alternatives (Jiang et al, 2020;Liu et al, 2020;Longueira et al, 2021) (Table 1).…”
Section: Immunotherapies Based On Nanobodiesmentioning
The COVID-19 pandemic has driven biotechnological developments to provide new and more effective tools for prophylaxis, diagnosis, and therapy. Historically, monoclonal antibodies have been valuable tools; however, the pandemic has shown some weaknesses, such as production limitations at a global scale. An alternative to conventional monoclonal antibodies are nanobodies, recombinant fragments of the variable region of single-domain antibodies derived mainly from the Camelidae family. Nanobodies have multiple characteristic benefits: they are small (15 KDa) and have remarkable refolding capability and unlimited possibilities for modifications due to their recombinant nature. Here, we review the application of nanobodies in diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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