Dynamics of nitrifiers in soils of intensively vegetable cultivated areas in Sri Lanka

Abstract

Nitrification tend to reduce the agronomic fertilizer use efficiency in cropping systems because nitrate, the end product of nitrification, has high potential to loss from soil environment due to denitrification and leaching. The population characteristics of ammonia oxidizing and nitrite oxidizing microorganisms carrying out nitrification in soils may affect the effectiveness of approaches taken to suppress nitrification. A study was conducted to assess the activity and abundance of nitrifiers in soils of intensively vegetable grown regions in Sri Lanka. Soil samples were collected from 72 locations across Nuwara Eliya, Marassana, Kalpitiya and Gannoruwa representing vegetable cultivated fields managed conventionally (n=45) and organically (n=9), and uncultivated areas (n=18). Basic soil characteristics were determined using standard procedures. Potential nitrification rate (PNR) and the abundance of ammonia oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers were estimated. Chemical characteristics of soils varied widely with pH, EC and organic C% ranging from 3.8 to 8.5, 0.04 to 0.94 dS/m and 0.9% to 4.5%, respectively. The PNR of the studied soils ranged from 0.18 to 15.80 NO3 --N/kg/h. The abundance of ammonia oxidizers and nitrite oxidizers ranged from 1.96 to 5.97 log10CFU g -1 and 1.36 to 5.63 log10CFU g -1 , respectively. The potential activity of nitrifiers did not correlate with the abundance of ammonia oxidizers or nitrite oxidizers. Thus, the functional and compositional diversities of nitrifying communities may be different across the soils. PNR values for studied soils are higher compared to reported values in literature. Hence, appropriate measures need to be taken to suppress nitrification as high nitrification rates could lead to reduce fertilizer use efficiency and increase risk of groundwater contamination with nitrate.

Development of a Botanical Formulation Using <em>Cinnamomum verum</em> and <em>Pongamia pinnata</em> Leaves for Suppression of Nitrification in Soil

“…Based on a study conducted with tea cultivated acidic soils, PNR ranged from 0.05 to 1.32 mg NO3 --N/kg dry soil/h (Yao et al, 2011). The high potential for nitrification observed in this study may be due to the adaption of nitrifiers in these cultivated soils that receive a lot of NH4 + ions through N fertilization (Nawarathna et al, 2019).…”

“…Based on the results PNR of RYP soil is significantly greater (P<0.05) than that of RBE soil (Figure 1). Nawarathna et al (2019) reported that intensively cultivated RYP soils in Nuwara Eliya have PNR less than 3 mg NO3 --N/kg dry soil/h. Therefore, the observed PNR in this study is within the ranges reported in the literature.…”

Evaluating the nitrification inhibition potential of selected botanicals and their non-target effects

“…Ammonia-oxidizers in soils exhibit high niche specialization (Bollmann et al, 2002;Prosser and Nicol, 2012). A recent study conducted in Sri Lanka indicated that PNR of soils does not correlate with the abundance of nitrifying bacteria, thus, suggesting high variability in diversity of nitrifying populations in different vegetable cultivated soils they studied (Nawarathna, et al, 2019). Therefore, the ammonia-oxidizer community composition should be different between the soils from Marassana and Nuwara Eliya.…”