Dynamics of meteor impacts

Daniels, Karen E.; Coppock, Joyce; Behringer, Robert

doi:10.1063/1.1821711

Cited by 30 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Hence, liquid drops provide a better model than solid spheres for high-energy asteroids. This important analogy has been overlooked in many previous attempts in search of the link between asteroid impact cratering and low-speed solid-spheres impact cratering (11,12,15,16,34,35).…”

Section: Theory and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Granular impact cratering by liquid drops: Understanding raindrop imprints through an analogy to asteroid strikes

Zhao

Zhang

Tjugito

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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When a granular material is impacted by a sphere, its surface deforms like a liquid yet it preserves a circular crater like a solid. Although the mechanism of granular impact cratering by solid spheres is well explored, our knowledge on granular impact cratering by liquid drops is still very limited. Here, by combining high-speed photography with high-precision laser profilometry, we investigate liquid-drop impact dynamics on granular surface and monitor the morphology of resulting impact craters. Surprisingly, we find that despite the enormous energy and length difference, granular impact cratering by liquid drops follows the same energy scaling and reproduces the same crater morphology as that of asteroid impact craters. Inspired by this similarity, we integrate the physical insight from planetary sciences, the liquid marble model from fluid mechanics, and the concept of jamming transition from granular physics into a simple theoretical framework that quantitatively describes all of the main features of liquid-drop imprints in granular media. Our study sheds light on the mechanisms governing raindrop impacts on granular surfaces and reveals a remarkable analogy between familiar phenomena of raining and catastrophic asteroid strikes.liquid impacts | granular impact cratering | jamming | liquid marble G ranular impact cratering by liquid drops is likely familiar to all of us who have watched raindrops splashing in a backyard or on a beach. It is directly relevant to many important natural, agricultural, and industrial processes such as soil erosion (1, 2), drip irrigation (3), dispersion of microorganisms in soil (4), and spray-coating of particles and powders. The vestige of raindrop imprints in fossilized granular media has even been used to infer air density on Earth 2.7 billion years ago (5). Hence, understanding the dynamics of liquid-drop impacts on granular media and predicting the morphology of resulting impact craters are of great importance for a wide range of basic research and practical applications.Directly related to two long-standing problems in fluid and granular physics research, i.e., drop impact on solid/liquid surfaces (6-9) and granular impact cratering by solid spheres (10-16), liquid-drop impact on granular surfaces is surely more complicated. Although several recent experiments have been attempted to investigate the morphology of liquid-drop impact craters (17-21), a coherent picture for describing various features of the impact craters is still lacking. Even for the most straightforward impact-energy (E) dependence of the size of liquid-drop impact craters, the results remain controversial and incomplete (17,19,20). Katsuragi (17) and Delon et al. (19) reported that the diameter of liquid-drop impact craters D c scales as the 1/4 power of the Weber number of liquid drops, which yields D c ∼ E 1=4 , quantitatively similar to the energy scaling for low-speed solid-sphere impact cratering (10, 11). However, because the energy balance of liquid-drop impacts is different from that of solid...

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Section: Theory and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Granular impact cratering by liquid drops: Understanding raindrop imprints through an analogy to asteroid strikes

Zhao

Zhang

Tjugito

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…5) that this quantity provides an empirical measure of the 2D stress on the system. More recently, this has come to be known as the gradientsquared (G 2 ) method, and has been used on the systemscale, chain-scale, particle-scale, and contact-scale to provide a semi-quantitative way to track changes in granular forces [25,[39][40][41], e.g. ].…”

Section: Semi-quantitative Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photoelastic force measurements in granular materials

Daniels

Kollmer

Puckett

2017

Review of Scientific Instruments

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157

172

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Photoelastic techniques are used to make both qualitative and quantitative measurements of the forces within idealized granular materials. The method is based on placing a birefringent granular material between a pair of polarizing filters, so that each region of the material rotates the polarization of light according to the amount of local of stress. In this review paper, we summarize past work using the technique, describe the optics underlying the technique, and illustrate how it can be used to quantitatively determine the vector contact forces between particles in a 2D granular system. We provide a description of software resources available to perform this task, as well as key techniques and resources for building an experimental apparatus.

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“…Studies of penetration into dry granular media have expanded significantly to focus on crater formation [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] and proposed governing force laws [9][10][11][12][13]. Additionally, a complete comprehension of granular impact has a natural connection to navigation on grainy surfaces [14,15], geomorphology, and astrophysical craters [16][17][18][19]. However, even with such stimulating work, the grain-scale details of force transmission during granular impact have not been fully resolved [20].…”

Section: Pacs Numbers: I Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collisional model of energy dissipation in three-dimensional granular impact

Bester

Behringer

2017

Phys. Rev. E

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We study the dynamic process occurring when a granular assembly is displaced by a solid impactor. The momentum transfer from the impactor to the target is shown to occur through sporadic, normal collisions of high force carrying grains at the intruder surface. We therefore describe the stopping force of the impact through a collisional based model. To verify the model in impact experiments, we determine the forces acting on an intruder decelerating through a dense granular medium using high-speed imaging of its trajectory. By varying the intruder shape and granular target, intrudergrain interactions are inferred from the consequent path. As a result, we connect the drag to the effect of intruder shape and grain density based on a proposed collisional model.

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Dynamics of meteor impacts

Cited by 30 publications

References 5 publications

Granular impact cratering by liquid drops: Understanding raindrop imprints through an analogy to asteroid strikes

Granular impact cratering by liquid drops: Understanding raindrop imprints through an analogy to asteroid strikes

Photoelastic force measurements in granular materials

Collisional model of energy dissipation in three-dimensional granular impact

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