Dynamics of invasion and dissemination of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian          influenza viruses in 2016–2017 winter in Japan

Soda, Kosuke; Ozaki, Hiroichi; Ito, Hiroshi; Usui, Tatsufumi; Okamatsu, Masatoshi; Matsuno, Keita; Sakoda, Yoshihiro; Yamaguchi, Tsuyoshi; Ito, Toshihiro

doi:10.1292/jvms.21-0459

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…These results suggest that pathogenicity of clade 2.3.4.4e HPAIVs in Anatidae varies depending on the strain. Clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 HPAIVs have multiple gene constellations (C1–C8 and more) [ 6 , 9 , 11 , 36 , 37 ]. Among them, the group C2 strains, including Tottori/1, were the most widely distributed strains in Japan in the winter of 2016–2017 [ 9 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 HPAIVs have multiple gene constellations (C1–C8 and more) [ 6 , 9 , 11 , 36 , 37 ]. Among them, the group C2 strains, including Tottori/1, were the most widely distributed strains in Japan in the winter of 2016–2017 [ 9 ]. The relatively low pathogenicity of the C2 strains probably contributes efficient virus transport by migratory Anatidae flocks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The strain was isolated from a fecal sample of teal in Tottori City located in the Midwestern region of Japan [ 46 ]. The virus was categorized into the C2 group of the clade 2.3.4.4e, which has the most popular gene constellation in the 2016–2017 outbreak in Japan [ 9 ]. The accession numbers of the gene sequences were LC199865–199872.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Susceptibility of common family Anatidae bird species to clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus: an experimental infection study

et al. 2022

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Background There were large outbreaks of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) caused by clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 viruses in the winter of 2016–2017 in Japan, which caused large numbers of deaths among several endangered bird species including cranes, raptors, and birds in Family Anatidae. In this study, susceptibility of common Anatidae to a clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 HPAI virus was assessed to evaluate their potential to be a source of infection for other birds. Eurasian wigeons (Mareca penelope), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and Northern pintails (Anas acuta) were intranasally inoculated with 106, 104, or 102 50% egg infectious dose (EID50) of clade 2.3.4.4e A/teal/Tottori/1/2016 (H5N6). Results All birds survived for 10 days without showing any clinical signs of infection. Most ducks inoculated with ≥ 104 EID50 of virus seroconverted within 10 days post-inoculation (dpi). Virus was mainly shed via the oral route for a maximum of 10 days, followed by cloacal route in late phase of infection. Virus remained in the pancreas of some ducks at 10 dpi. Viremia was observed in some ducks euthanized at 3 dpi, and ≤ 106.3 EID50 of virus was recovered from systemic tissues and swab samples including eyeballs and conjunctival swabs. Conclusions These results indicate that the subject duck species have a potential to be a source of infection of clade 2.3.4.4e HPAI virus to the environment and other birds sharing their habitats. Captive ducks should be reared under isolated or separated circumstances during the HPAI epidemic season to prevent infection and further viral dissemination.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Susceptibility of common family Anatidae bird species to clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus: an experimental infection study

et al. 2022

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“…The HA and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes of the influenza virus isolates were identified by the hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) [ 26 ] and neuraminidase inhibition (NI) tests [ 2 ] using reference antisera of avian influenza viruses. The deduced amino acid sequences at the HA cleavage sites were obtained by direct sequencing, as described previously [ 30 ]. The viruses were stored as seed virus stocks and were used in subsequent experiments.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and antigenic analyses of H5N8 and H5N1 subtypes high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry farms in Japan in the winter of 2021–2022

SODA,

MEKATA,

USUI

et al. 2023

J. Vet. Med. Sci.

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In the winter of 2021–2022, multiple subtypes (H5N8 and H5N1) of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) were confirmed to be circulating simultaneously in Japan. Here, we phylogenetically and antigenically analyzed HPAIVs that were isolated from infected wild birds, an epidemiological investigation of affected poultry farms, and our own active surveillance study. H5 subtype hemagglutinin (HA) genes of 32 representative HPAIV isolates were classified into clade 2.3.4.4b lineage and subsequently divided into three groups (G2a, G2b, and G2d). All H5N8 HPAIVs were isolated in early winter and had HA genes belonging to the G2a group. H5N1 HPAIVs belong to the G2b and G2d groups. Although G2b viruses were widespread throughout the season, G2d viruses endemically circulated in Northeast Japan after January 2022. Deep sequence analysis showed that the four HPAIVs isolated at the beginning of winter had both N8 and N1 subtypes of neuraminidase genes. Environmental water-derived G2a HPAIV, A/water/Tottori/NK1201-2/2021 (H5N8), has unique polymerase basic protein 1 and nucleoprotein genes, similar to those of low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs). These results indicate that multiple H5 HPAIVs and LPAIVs disseminated to Japan via transboundary winter migration of wild birds, and HPAIVs with novel gene constellations could emerge in these populations. Cross-neutralization test revealed that G2a H5N8 HPAIVs were antigenically distinct from a G2b H5N1 HPAIV, suggesting that antibody pressure in wild birds was involved in the transition of the HPAIV groups during the season.

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“…In Japan, another example of animal health and disease pattern is the occurrence of avian influenza outbreaks. According to a study published in the Journal of Veterinary Medical Science (Sakoda, 2019), Japan has experienced multiple outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in poultry farms. The study reports that the HPAI outbreaks in Japan were mainly caused by the introduction of the virus through wild bird migration and subsequent transmission within domestic poultry populations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Climate Change on Animal Health and Disease Patterns

Kiragu

2023

JAH

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Purpose: The aim of the study is to examine the impact of climate change on animal health and disease patterns Methodology: This study adopted a desktop methodology. This study used secondary data from which include review of existing literature from already published studies and reports that was easily accessed through online journals and libraries Findings: The study revealed that climate change has had a significant impact on animal health and disease patterns, with various negative consequences for biodiversity and ecosystems. Rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns influence the distribution and abundance of disease vectors, such as mosquitoes and ticks and alter their geographic ranges. This can result in the spread of diseases like malaria, dengue fever, Lyme disease, and West Nile virus to new areas. Additionally, climate change enhance the replication and survival rates of pathogens, potentially leading to more frequent and severe disease outbreaks. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study was anchored on One Health theory and Stressor-response theory. The study recommends Incorporation of climate change considerations into wildlife conservation and management strategies. This involves protecting and restoring habitats, creating wildlife corridors to facilitate species movement, and implementing adaptive management practices that consider the potential impacts of climate change on disease dynamics. Conservation efforts should prioritize the preservation of genetic diversity and the enhancement of resilience in animal populations.

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Dynamics of invasion and dissemination of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in 2016–2017 winter in Japan

Cited by 4 publications

References 39 publications

Susceptibility of common family Anatidae bird species to clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus: an experimental infection study

Susceptibility of common family Anatidae bird species to clade 2.3.4.4e H5N6 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus: an experimental infection study

Genetic and antigenic analyses of H5N8 and H5N1 subtypes high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses isolated from wild birds and poultry farms in Japan in the winter of 2021–2022

The Impact of Climate Change on Animal Health and Disease Patterns

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