Dynamics of gas-phase trichloramine (NCl3) in chlorinated, indoor swimming pool facilities

Weng, ShihChi; Weaver, William A.; Afifi, Mehrnaz Zare; Blatchley, T. N.; Cramer, J. S. N.; Chen, J.; Blatchley, Ernest R.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2011.00710.x

Cited by 43 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…8,[14][15][16][17] Hypersensitivities to fungus and mites are aggravated by the time spent within the pool area, which leads to cytological changes. The concentrations of chlorine by-products in indoor air, such as trihalomethanes and trichloramine, have been found to be correlated with the concentrations found in the pool water.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of indoor swimming pools on the nasal cytology of pool workers

Erkul

Yaz²,

Cingi

et al. 2014

J. Laryngol. Otol.

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Objective: We aimed to evaluate the relationship between swimming pool pollutants and allergic rhinitis in swimming pool workers.Materials and methods: Twenty-seven indoor pool workers (group 1) and 49 control subjects (group 2) were enrolled in the study. A skin prick test was performed and a nasal smear was obtained from each subject to evaluate rhinitis.Results: When the groups were compared in terms of epithelial cells, group 1 had significantly more epithelial cells than group 2. When the groups were compared with regard to eosinophils, group 1 had significantly more eosinophils than group 2. The skin prick test results for both groups were not significantly different.Conclusion: Indoor pool workers showed severe symptoms of rhinitis and eosinophilic nasal cytology, likely due to chlorine. Nasal cytology is an easy-to-administer diagnostic test and can be used to follow up rhinitis in indoor pool workers, along with nasal endoscopy, a detailed clinical history and a skin prick test. IntroductionUnder optimal nasal breathing conditions, air passes over the nasal mucosa resulting in warming, humidification and cleansing. However, these conditions can be influenced by several factors. Indoor air quality may negatively affect the sinonasal mucosa and is associated with occupational and smoking irritants, which can cause chronic or allergic rhinitis. 1 To maintain proper nasal functions, the optimal indoor air temperature should be approximately 23°C with 50 per cent humidity. 2 Indoor air is often cleaned to limit the levels of pollutants by modifying temperature and humidity in houses and offices. 2 However, the improper maintenance, design and operating of air-conditioning systems in non-industrial indoor areas contributes to an increased prevalence of rhinitis. 3 In Turkey, smoking is prohibited indoors and in common social areas.Allergic rhinitis is a symptomatic disorder caused by immunoglobulin E-mediated inflammation of the nasal membranes, which is induced by exposure to an allergen or allergens. Allergic rhinitis frequently causes symptoms that include sneezing, nasal obstruction,

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of indoor swimming pools on the nasal cytology of pool workers

Erkul

Yaz²,

Cingi

et al. 2014

J. Laryngol. Otol.

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“…Trichloramine, a common DBP, is a volatile irritant gas. Transfer of this gas from water to the surrounding air is promoted by the dynamic activities of swimmers (Weng et al 2011) and is influenced by factors such as ventilation, air recirculation, and water temperature (Uyan et al 2009). Levels may fluctuate from 0.2 to 0.9 mg/m 3 in indoor pools, depending on occupancy and ventilation, an exposure that is substantially greater when compared to typical air pollutant levels of 0.3 mg/m 3 in non-pool environments (Bernard et al 2006).…”

Section: Effects Of Swimming Pool Exposure On Allergy and Asthmamentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on effects of cleaning agents on allergy and asthma

2018

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Background: Cleaning and disinfecting agents are widely used in modern life, in homes, schools, public places, and workplaces as well as in recreational facilities such as swimming pools. Use has been for sanitizing purposes and to assist in reduction of infection as well as for deodorizing purposes. However, adverse respiratory effects have been associated with use of cleaning products ranging from effects in infancy and early childhood up to adults at home and work. Methods: This review summarizes recent published literature on the effects of cleaning agents used pre-natally, in childhood and adult life, at home, work, and in swimming pools. Results: Several studies have indicated that there is an increased risk of developing asthma among adults with frequent exposure to cleaning products at work and in the home. Potential mechanisms include sensitization and respiratory irritant effects. Exposure to irritant chlorine by-products from swimming pools have also been associated with respiratory effects and increased risk of asthma. Potential effects from maternal exposures to cleaning products on infants, and effects on early childhood atopy are less clear. Conclusions: Exposure to cleaning agents increases relative risks of asthma among workers, and adults using these agents in the home. Risks are also increased with exposure to chlorinated by-products from swimming pools, both in adults and children. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms of these associations.

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“…Their results showed that under the influence of volatilization, daytime concentration of THMs in the air of the indoor swimming pool was much higher than at night. In addition, Weng et al (2011a) conducted a study on trichloramine (NCl 3 ), another type of volatile DBP, in indoor swimming pools. Their sampling results showed that every day from 16:00 to 22:00, coinciding with the highest number of swimmers, the concentration of NCl 3 in the air was higher; that is, the number of swimmers and the concentration of volatile DBPs in the air were highly correlated.…”

Section: Association Of Occupant Activities With Variations Of Chloromentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic real-time monitoring of chloroform in an indoor swimming pool air using open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

et al. 2015

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This study used open-path Fourier transform infrared (OP-FTIR) spectroscopy to continuously assess the variation in chloroform concentrations in the air of an indoor swimming pool. Variables affecting the concentrations of chloroform in air were also monitored. The results showed that chloroform concentrations in air varied significantly during the time of operation of the swimming pool and that there were two peaks in chloroform concentration during the time of operation of the pool. The highest concentration was at 17:30, which is coincident with the time with the highest number of swimmers in the pool in a day. The swimmer load was one of the most important factors influencing the chloroform concentration in the air. When the number of swimmers surpassed 40, the concentrations of chloroform were on average 4.4 times higher than the concentration measured without swimmers in the pool. According to the results of this study, we suggest that those who swim regularly should avoid times with highest number of swimmers, in order to decrease the risk of exposure to high concentrations of chloroform. It is also recommended that an automatic mechanical ventilation system is installed to increase the ventilation rate during times of high swimmer load.

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Dynamics of gas-phase trichloramine (NCl3) in chlorinated, indoor swimming pool facilities

Cited by 43 publications

References 19 publications

Effects of indoor swimming pools on the nasal cytology of pool workers

Effects of indoor swimming pools on the nasal cytology of pool workers

Update on effects of cleaning agents on allergy and asthma

Dynamic real-time monitoring of chloroform in an indoor swimming pool air using open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

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