“…3). The entire body of obtained experimental data suggests that there is a certain delay time (or induction period [13]) for the appearance of plastic shear nuclei, which act as the centers of fracture nucleation. Since this delay time decreases with increasing maximum compressive stress in the impact loading impulse, it can be suggested that the fracture nucleation takes place in the phases of both compression and subsequent unloading.…”
Abstract. The spall strength of c-cut sapphire has been measured as a function of the load duration and peak stress. In experiments, the VISAR particle velocity histories at the interface between the sapphire samples and a water or LiF window were recorded. The peak shock stress was varied from 17.3 GPa up to 21.4 GPa that is below the Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) but close to it, the load duration was varied from 100-150 ns to 250-300 ns. The spall strength varies from 4.2 to 10.6 GPa. Results of measurements demonstrate much higher sensitivity of the spall strength to the strain rate than that for metals and a trend to its decrease with the increasing peak stress. Development of any inelastic deformation leads to complete loss of the resistance to tension in the domain of a sapphire sample where these processes occurred.
“…3). The entire body of obtained experimental data suggests that there is a certain delay time (or induction period [13]) for the appearance of plastic shear nuclei, which act as the centers of fracture nucleation. Since this delay time decreases with increasing maximum compressive stress in the impact loading impulse, it can be suggested that the fracture nucleation takes place in the phases of both compression and subsequent unloading.…”
Abstract. The spall strength of c-cut sapphire has been measured as a function of the load duration and peak stress. In experiments, the VISAR particle velocity histories at the interface between the sapphire samples and a water or LiF window were recorded. The peak shock stress was varied from 17.3 GPa up to 21.4 GPa that is below the Hugoniot elastic limit (HEL) but close to it, the load duration was varied from 100-150 ns to 250-300 ns. The spall strength varies from 4.2 to 10.6 GPa. Results of measurements demonstrate much higher sensitivity of the spall strength to the strain rate than that for metals and a trend to its decrease with the increasing peak stress. Development of any inelastic deformation leads to complete loss of the resistance to tension in the domain of a sapphire sample where these processes occurred.
“…The incubation time strength condition, see (Morozov and Petrov, 2000;Kashtanov and Petrov, 2007;Kashtanov, Petrov, Pugno and Carpinteri 2008), modified as in (Mikhailov 2003, Section 6.3), has the following form…”
A general form of temporal strength conditions under variable creep loading is employed to formulate several new phenomenological accumulation rules based on the constant-loading durability diagram. Unlike the well-known Robinson rule of linear accumulation of partial life-times, the new rules allow to describe the life-time sensibility to the load sequence, observed in experiments. Comparison of one of the new rules with experimental data shows that it fits the data much more accurately than the Robinson rule.
“…The state of materials in the nearby zone can be modeled by the Mohr-Coulomb criterion as follows [7,8]. The displacement change of near-region can be gained by using the mass conservation condition: …”
In this paper, an analytical model is used for characterizing the deformation and failure behavior of the rock in the process of penetration. The scaling law in penetration and perforation is uncovered, resulting in a formula for the computation of penetration on wide scales on a sound physical background.
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