“…However, mountain grazing became increasingly unprofitable during the 20th century, leading to the abandonment of many former pastures (MacDonald et al, 2000). The most obvious consequence of abandonment is the spread of forest and the upward shift in the previously artificially lowered alpine timberline (Didier, 2001; Gehrig‐Fasel et al, 2007; Bracchetti et al, 2012; Treml et al, 2016; Mietkiewicz et al, 2017), and shrub encroachment above the timberline (Dullinger et al, 2003; Bühlmann et al, 2014; Palaj & Kollár, 2021; De Toma et al, 2022). In addition, there may be a significant loss of species diversity within grassland plant communities after management ceases (Dullinger et al, 2003; Schwaiger et al, 2022).…”