Dynamics of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in four types of kitchen waste composting processes

A sustainable waste-to-protein system to maximise waste resource utilisation for developing food- and feed-grade protein solutions

“…manure) applied to the soil, potentially contaminating sources of OFMSW. 32,33 Furthermore, OFMSW sourced from mixed domestic waste may be further contaminated due to direct contact with other ARG-and pathogen-rich wastes. 32 Pre-treatment of OFMSW prior to protein valorisation is therefore imperative to mitigate health effects posed by such contaminants.…”

“…32,33 Furthermore, OFMSW sourced from mixed domestic waste may be further contaminated due to direct contact with other ARG-and pathogen-rich wastes. 32 Pre-treatment of OFMSW prior to protein valorisation is therefore imperative to mitigate health effects posed by such contaminants. Ozonation is commonly used to treat wastewater containing ARGs and has been applied to solid wastes in previous works.…”