Dynamics and Determinants of
            <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>
            Carriage in Infancy: the Generation R Study

Lebon, Ankie; Labout, Joost A. M.; Verbrugh, Henri A.; Jaddoe, Vincent W. V.; Hofman, Albert; Wamel, Willem van; Moll, Henriëtte A.; Belkum, Alex van

doi:10.1128/jcm.00641-08

Cited by 79 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…2,3 During the following years multiple epidemiological studies in different geographical regions observed similar findings of a negative association between carriage of S. pneumoniae and S. aureus in young children. [4][5][6][7][8] The carriage of both species was associated with age, with the peak S. pneumoniae carriage and lowest S. aureus carriage at 6 months to 3 years [4][5][6][7][8][9][10] and peak S. aureus colonization at age <6 months and 5-7 y 11 The negative association was significant even after adjusting for age, but this interference was not observed in older children and adults. 8,12 Interestingly, most studies 2,3,5,9 found that the inverse correlation between S. pneumoniae and S. aureus was significant only for carriage of vaccine-type S. pneumoniae strains, which were carried more commonly before the introduction of the pneumococcal vaccine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Staphylococcus aureusandStreptococcus pneumoniaeinteraction and response to pneumococcal vaccination: Myth or reality?

Reiss-Mandel

Regev‐Yochay

2016

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Staphylococcus aureusandStreptococcus pneumoniaeinteraction and response to pneumococcal vaccination: Myth or reality?

Reiss-Mandel

Regev‐Yochay

2016

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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“…There are conflicting results regarding this gender-associated difference among infants (Lebon et al 2008;Mernelius et al 2013b). …”

Section: Carriage and Colonizationmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In children the prevalence of S. aureus appears inversely related to the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumonia (Bogaert et al 2004). Whereas persistent carriage appears almost nonexisting in infants (Lebon et al 2008) it has been shown that persistent carriage is more prevalent among older children and adolescents than adults (Armstrong-Esther & Smith 1976).…”

Section: Carriage and Colonizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…S. aureus nasal carriage decreases in the first year of life (Peacock et al 2003;Lebon et al 2008), but increases again around the age of three, peaking at approximately 50 % in the pre-teen years (Bogaert et al 2004;Datta et al 2008). In children the prevalence of S. aureus appears inversely related to the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumonia (Bogaert et al 2004).…”

Section: Carriage and Colonizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infection control of Staphylococcus aureus : spa typing to elucidate transmission

Mernelius¹

2015

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Staphylococcus aureus is a commensal of the human flora, primarily colonizing the anterior nares and throat, but it may also cause infections ranging from mild skin and soft tissue infections to severe diseases such as endocarditis and septicemia. S. aureus is also a major nosocomial problem increasing with the worldwide dissemination of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA).The main vector for bacterial cross-transmission in healthcare settings is the hands of healthcare workers (HCWs). No S. aureus was detected in the air in this thesis demonstrating that transmission through air is not important. Despite the fact that good compliance with hand hygiene is essential to prevent cross-transmission the compliance is generally less than 50 %.Gold standard to track bacterial transmission in healthcare settings has for long been pulsedfield gel electrophoresis (PFGE), a method that is labor-intensive, lacks consensus protocol and relies on semi-subjective analysis. Molecular typing by sequencing of the hypervariable part of the S. aureus protein A gene (spa typing) has overcome these problems and has shown promising results in epidemiological investigations.The aims of this thesis were to study bacterial transmission with S. aureus colonization of newborn infants as a model and to evaluate spa typing as a molecular tool. Additionally, the influence of compliance with hygiene guidelines on S. aureus transmission was assessed.Analysis of 280 MRSA isolates by spa typing revealed excellent typeability and epidemiological concordance and satisfactory discriminatory power. Additionally, spa typing was considered superior to PFGE thanks to its accessibility, ease of use and rapidity. Also, spa typing results are registered in a global database, facilitating inter-laboratory comparison.The prevalence of S. aureus ranged from 41 % to 66 % in the populations studied and males had the highest colonization rate. Throat was the premier colonization site for adults and transmission from individuals colonized in the throat only was documented, suggesting that throat cultures should be included in S. aureus screening programs. The umbilicus was the premier colonization site for newborn infants. Incubating the swabs in enrichment broth prior to plating increased the prevalence of S. aureus positive samples by 46 %, resulting in prevalence viii ranging from 51 % to 70 % in the populations studied. Thus enrichment prior to plating is necessary to determine more truthful S. aureus colonization rates. There were no indications of an institutional flora, as the colonization rates, spa type distribution and antibiotic resistance prevalence were similar among parents and HCWs.Direct observations and self-reporting by HCWs were both validated as tools for monitoring compliance with hygiene guidelines. The compliance with hygiene guidelines was significantly higher following a 10-point hygiene intervention as compared to baseline. The compliance was also higher three years after the intervention in three of four participating departm...

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“…Observations of parent-child interaction and behaviour, such as executive function, heart rate variability, infant-parent attachment, moral development, and compliance with mother and child have been performed at the ages of 14, 36 and 48 months and with father and child at the age of 48 months [240,241]. Biological materials have been collected, including bacterial colonization measured by nasal-and nasopharyngeal swabs at the ages of 1.5, 6, 14 and 24 months, cortisol day rhythm measured by repeated salivary samples at the age of 14 months and, if parents give consent, blood samples at the ages of 6, 14 and 24 months [242][243][244][245][246][247][248][249][250][251].…”

Section: Questionnairesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Generation R Study: design and cohort update 2012

et al. 2012

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The Generation R Study is a population-based prospective cohort study from fetal life until young adulthood. The study is designed to identify early environmental and genetic causes of normal and abnormal growth, development and health during fetal life, childhood and adulthood. The study focuses on four primary areas of research: (1) growth and physical development; (2) behavioural and cognitive development; (3) diseases in childhood; and (4) health and healthcare for pregnant women and children. In total, 9,778 mothers with a delivery date from April 2002 until January 2006 were enrolled in the study. General follow-up rates until the age of 4 years exceed 75%. Data collection in mothers, fathers and preschool children included questionnaires, detailed physical and ultrasound examinations, behavioural observations, and biological samples. A genome wide association screen is available in the participating children. Regular detailed hands on assessment are performed from the age of 5 years onwards. Eventually, results forthcoming from the Generation R Study have to contribute to the development of strategies for optimizing health and healthcare for pregnant women and children.

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Dynamics and Determinants of Staphylococcus aureus Carriage in Infancy: the Generation R Study

Cited by 79 publications

References 21 publications

Staphylococcus aureusandStreptococcus pneumoniaeinteraction and response to pneumococcal vaccination: Myth or reality?

Staphylococcus aureusandStreptococcus pneumoniaeinteraction and response to pneumococcal vaccination: Myth or reality?

Infection control of Staphylococcus aureus : spa typing to elucidate transmission

The Generation R Study: design and cohort update 2012

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