“…Out of many established methods, elastic network models (ENMs) have been instrumental in probing the dynamics of protein-protein interactions for a number of studies, through structural perturbation methods (Zheng et al 2007; Thirumalai and Hyeon 2018), and the normal mode analysis (NMA) of oligomers and large complexes (Marcos, E., Sanchez-Martinez, M., Crehuet, R. 2014; Mishra et al 2017). In 2013 and 2014, Bhaskar, Nakamura and Kinjo observed that a counterbalance of different types of dynamics, and more speci cally the relative rigid body motions of partner molecules, dominate protein-protein binding interactions in nine different Ubiquitin-based complexes through all-atom ENMs (Dasgupta et al 2013(Dasgupta et al , 2014b(Dasgupta et al , 2020. More importantly, they found that the ligand-bound dynamics is encoded in the apo-form of Ubiquitin, exposing the power of capturing dynamics speci c to its conformational state.…”