“…A different approach was used in Liu, Reynders, De Roeck, and Lombaert (2008), Chellini, Nardini, and Salvatore (2011), Ribeiro, Calc ada, Delgado, Brehm, and Zabel (2012) and Malveiro, Ribeiro, Calcada, and Delgado (2013). In all these works, 3D finite element models of railway bridges were developed using solid, shell and beam elements for the bridge and isotropic elastic solid elements for the ballast.…”