Dynamic ventilatory responses in rats: normal development and effects of prenatal nicotine exposure

Prenatal to Early Postnatal Nicotine Exposure Impairs Central Chemoreception and Modifies Breathing Pattern in Mouse Neonates: A Probable Link to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

“…Postnatally, exposure to nicotine can be through breast milk or the environment . Although not all studies show similar results (Bamford et al, 1996;Slotkin et al, 1997;Bamford and Carroll, 1999), prenatal nicotine causes hypoventilation in rats (St-John and Leiter, 1999; Huang et al, 2004), increases the frequency of apnea during normoxia in mice and rats (Robinson et al, 2002;Huang et al, 2004), reduces hypoxiainduced ventilatory reflexes in awake rats and in sleeping lambs (St-John and Leiter, 1999;Hafström et al, 2002;Huang et al, 2004;Simakajornboon et al, 2004), reduces hypoxia-induced autoresuscitation from primary apnea in rat newborns (Fewell et al, 2001), and augments the delay in the awakening response induced by hypoxia in lambs (Hafström et al, 2002).…”

“…However, studies in animals have not consistently revealed that hypercarbia-induced ventilatory responses are compromised (Bamford and Carroll, 1999;Simakajornboon et al, 2004). Intense hypercarbia, which is expected during extreme physiological conditions, may be required to unmask subtle nicotine-induced deficits.…”

Differential Control of Central Cardiorespiratory Interactions by Hypercapnia and the Effect of Prenatal Nicotine

“…Although cigarettes contain a variety of chemicals, nicotine has been proposed to be the link between maternal smoking and SIDS (Slotkin et al, 1997;Nachmanoff et al, 1998;Bamford and Carroll, 1999;St-John and Leiter, 1999). In animal models of SIDS, prenatal nicotine exposure augments the parasympathetic and diminishes the sympathetic control of heart rate (Slotkin et al, 1997(Slotkin et al, , 1999.…”

“…Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of SIDS two to four times (Malloy et al, 1988;Bulterys et al, 1990;Haglund and Cnattingius, 1990;Schoendorf and Kiely, 1992), and nicotine has been proposed to be the link between maternal smoking and SIDS (Slotkin et al, 1997;Nachmanoff et al, 1998;Bamford and Carroll, 1999;St-John and Leiter, 1999). Some have suggested that SIDS may result from a direct alteration of the development of brainstem sites responsible for cardiorespiratory control and arousal attributable to prenatal nicotine exposure (Meny et al, 1994;Slotkin et al, 1997;Nachmanoff et al, 1998;St-John and Leiter, 1999).…”

Prenatal Nicotine Exposure Alters Central Cardiorespiratory Responses to Hypoxia in Rats: Implications for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

“…Nicotine has been proposed to be the link between maternal smoking and SIDS (Slotkin et al, 1997;Nachmanoff et al, 1998;Bamford and Carroll, 1999;St-John and Leiter, 1999). During hypoxia, rats exposed to nicotine prenatally become apneic more rapidly than unexposed animals (Fewell et al, 2001).…”