“…This reflects a group effort from many research fields that could be largely divided into geology (involving field data collection and analysis), geophysics (development of geophysical imaging techniques), and geodynamics (application of numerical modeling). Earlier works on recognizing and quantifying dynamic topography include modeling the long-wavelength gravity/geoid signals associated with subducted slabs [Hager, 1984] and lower mantle density anomalies [Hager et al, 1985;Hager and Clayton, 1989], the flooding history of Phanerozoic continental margins and interior [Gurnis, 1993;Heine et al, 2008], and abnormal subsidence and uplift of continents such as North America [e.g., Mitrovica et al, 1989; Lithgow-Bertelloni and Gurnis, 1997;Spasojevic and Gurnis, 2012], Africa [e.g., Lithgow-Bertelloni and Silver, 1998;Gurnis et al, 2000;Conrad and Gurnis, 2003;Moucha and Forte, 2011], Australia [e.g., Gurnis et al, 1998;DiCaprio et al, 2009], and South America [e.g., Dávila et al, 2010;Dávila and Lithgow-Bertelloni, 2013;Shephard et al, 2010Shephard et al, , 2012aFlament et al, 2014].…”