Dynamic testing and simulation of 9 mm full metal jacket ammunition

Abstract

Ballistic protection for armed forces requires a continuous performance improvement to successfully face ever evolving threats and scenarios. Ballistic tests are conventionally carried out in order to assess and validate the levels of protection to a high degree of accuracy. Although very effective, those tests are often time consuming and lack the necessary flexibility. A better approach would be to set up a numerical protocol for a number of simulations and only carry out final real life validation tests. Unquestionably, the main advantage of finite element modelling is the possibility to simultaneously evaluate a wide variety of configurations and their interactions (materials, geometry, architecture, etc.). For reliability, it is necessary to use sufficiently precise material behaviour models to accurately transcribe the phenomena observed during the impact. Our study focuses on the mechanical behaviour of 9 mm ammunition materials, namely a lead alloy core and a steel alloy jacket. For this purpose, a preliminary study (not presented here), was carried out on both the lead core and the steel jacket separately and the parameters for each constitutive model were determined. Lead-steel cylindrical samples, extracted from the ammunition, have been used for the validation of the entire constitutive model. By utilizing those samples, a high degree of the ammunitions material properties have been retained. SHPB tests have been carried out in multiple conditions, varying the striker speeds and temperatures. Additionally, the tests were recorded with an ultra-high speed camera. Strain gages were used to record signals along the input and output bars. Those measurements have been compared to numerical results using Finite Element code (ABAQUS® Explicit). A very satisfying correlation between the experimental data and the simulation has been reached, thus validating the jacket and core constitutive models and interactions for subsequent studies of ballistic impacts.

Assessment of the Impact of War on Concentrations of Pollutants and Heavy Metals and Their Seasonal Variations in Water and Sediments of the Tigris River in Mosul/Iraq

“…They consist of a soft core, usually lead, and a harder jacket metal alloy such as gilding metal (CuZn), CuNi, or steel encasing the core [36]. The purpose of this design is to provide improved trajectory as well as greater penetration of the projectiles into soft tissue [40,41]. Supplementary galvanic cadmium coatings are applied to improve some properties like corrosion resistance, improved tribological properties, and chemical stability [37].…”

Assessment of war impact on concentrations of pollutants and heavy metals and their seasonal variations in water and sediments of the Tigris River in Mosul / Iraq

“…They consist of a soft core, usually lead, and a harder jacket metal alloy such as gilding metal (CuZn), CuNi, or steel encasing the core (Mariussen et al 2021). The purpose of this design is to provide improved trajectory as well as greater penetration of the projectiles into soft tissue (Coget et al 2021, Deese 2021). Supplementary galvanic cadmium coatings are applied to improve some properties like corrosion resistance, improved tribological properties, and chemical stability (Jovanovic et al 2018).…”