“…In the research of model-free, a novel exploration-exploitation-based adaptive law for model-free control method was proposed (Tutsoy et al, 2023). Based on the above advantages, the ESOs have been widely used in various fields including the electrohydraulic system (Guo et al, 2016), the ship (Liu et al, 2017), the quadrotor (Dun et al, 2022;Li et al, 2020;Shao et al, 2018;Wang et al, 2020;Zhang et al, 2018Zhang et al, , 2020, the missile (Shao and Wang, 2015), and so on. However, the ESOs used in previous references rely on continuous sampling; sometimes, it may consume a lot of network resources and calculation resources.…”