Dynamic Strategies for Yaw and Induction Control of Wind Farms Based on Large-Eddy Simulation and Optimization

Munters, Wim; Meyers, Johan

doi:10.3390/en11010177

Cited by 146 publications

(119 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…r i and F θ i are the distance to the hub-centre and the resolved tangential force of the ith blade element, respectively. In contrast, in the case of LES using the standard ADM, the power extracted by the wind turbine from the incoming flow is estimated indirectly from the rotor-averaged thrust force F x and the rotor-normal flow velocity u d at the wind turbine [13,43,44]:…”

Section: Mechanical Power Predictionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This parameterisation was further applied by Munters et al [13] and Boersma et al [14] to investigate control strategies for yaw and axial induction in wind farms for power optimisation. In their studies [13,14], the wind turbine power is obtained indirectly from the turbine-induced thrust and the local velocity. Fleming et al [15] applied the ADMR to study the large-scale trailing vortices in the wake behind a yawed wind turbine.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Large-Eddy Simulation of Yawed Wind-Turbine Wakes: Comparisons with Wind Tunnel Measurements and Analytical Wake Models

Lin

Porté‐Agel

2019

Energies

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In this study, we validated a wind-turbine parameterisation for large-eddy simulation (LES) of yawed wind-turbine wakes. The presented parameterisation is modified from the rotational actuator disk model (ADMR), which takes account of both thrust and tangential forces induced by a wind turbine based on the blade-element theory. LES results using the yawed ADMR were validated with wind-tunnel measurements of the wakes behind a stand-alone miniature wind turbine model with different yaw angles. Comparisons were also made with the predictions of analytical wake models. In general, LES results using the yawed ADMR are in good agreement with both wind-tunnel measurements and analytical wake models regarding wake deflections and spanwise profiles of the mean velocity deficit and the turbulence intensity. Moreover, the power output of the yawed wind turbine is directly computed from the tangential forces resolved by the yawed ADMR, in contrast with the indirect power estimation used in the standard actuator disk model. We found significant improvement in the power prediction from LES using the yawed ADMR over the simulations using the standard actuator disk without rotation, suggesting a good potential of the yawed ADMR to be applied in LES studies of active yaw control in wind farms.Energies 2019, 12, 4574 2 of 18 blade-resolved LES of ABL flows through wind turbines [3]. Therefore, most of the LES studies on wind turbine wakes represent the forces induced by wind turbines in ABL flows with various parameterisations.The standard actuator disk model (ADM) without rotation is the simplest wind turbine parameterisation, in which a wind turbine is modelled as a permeable disk with uniformly-distributed normal thrust forces applied on it [4]. A thrust coefficient C T is required by the standard ADM a priori to determine the magnitude of the thrust force. Wu and Porté-Agel [5] later proposed the rotational ADM parameterisation (ADMR), in which the wind turbine thrust and tangential forces are modelled by the blade-element theory. Using aerodynamic and geometric data of the blade as inputs, the ADMR accounts for the wake rotation and non-uniform force distribution on the wind turbine disk. Comparing to the LES results using the standard ADM, Wu and Porté-Agel [5] found that using the ADMR improves the prediction of the main wake flow statistics, such as the mean streamwise velocity and the turbulence intensity.The actuator line model (ALM) parameterisation, developed by Sørensen and Shen [6], was also applied in previous LES studies of wind turbine wakes (e.g., [7][8][9][10]). The ALM represents each blade of a wind turbine as a rotating line source of body forces and computes the corresponding blade-induced forces along the actuator line dynamically in the simulation. As the ALM computes the forces induced by each wind turbine blade, it can resolve more flow structures in the wake, such as tip vortices, than the standard ADM and the ADMR parameterisations. Using the ALM in LES also requires finer mesh resolution and time ste...

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Section: Mechanical Power Predictionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Large-Eddy Simulation of Yawed Wind-Turbine Wakes: Comparisons with Wind Tunnel Measurements and Analytical Wake Models

Lin

Porté‐Agel

2019

Energies

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“…On the other hand, model-free and classical control approaches have also received attention due to their simple control architecture and ease of implementation for real-time control of large wind farms (Marden et al, 2013;Gebraad and van Wingerden, 2015). Both allow the performance of the designed controllers to be evaluated with more realistic wind farm flow conditions, e.g., free field testing , wind tunnel testing (Campagnolo et al, 2016;Petrović et al, 2018), and high-fidelity LES models Ciri et al, 2017;Vali et al, 2018b). Extremum seeking control has been studied as a closed-loop realization of an optimization problem for power maximization of waked wind farms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An active power control approach for wake-induced load alleviation in a fully developed wind farm boundary layer

et al. 2019

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Abstract. This paper studies a closed-loop wind farm control framework for active power control (APC) with a simultaneous reduction of wake-induced structural loads within a fully developed wind farm flow interacting with the atmospheric boundary layer. The main focus is on a classical feedback control, which features a simple control architecture and a practical measurement system that are realizable for real-time control of large wind farms. We demonstrate that the wake-induced structural loading of the downstream turbines can be alleviated, while the wind farm power production follows a reference signal. A closed-loop APC is designed first to improve the power-tracking performance against wake-induced power losses of the downwind turbines. Then, the nonunique solution of APC for the wind farm is exploited for aggregated structural load alleviation. The axial induction factors of the individual wind turbines are considered control inputs to limit the power production of the wind farm or to switch to greedy control when the demand exceeds the power available in the wind. Furthermore, the APC solution domain is enlarged by an adjustment of the power set-points according to the locally available power at the waked wind turbines. Therefore, the controllability of the wind turbines is improved for rejecting the intensified load fluctuations inside the wake. A large-eddy simulation model is employed for resolving the turbulent flow, the wake structures, and its interaction with the atmospheric boundary layer. The applicability and key features of the controller are discussed with a wind farm example consisting of 3×4 turbines with different wake interactions for each row. The performance of the proposed APC is evaluated using the accuracy of the wind farm power tracking and the wake-induced damage equivalent fatigue loads of the towers of the individual wind turbines.

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“…Development of control strategies for mitigating the negative effect of wake meandering can be found in [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Meandering of Wind Turbine Wakes

Yang

Sotiropoulos

2019

Energies

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Meandering describes the large-scale, low frequency motions of wind turbine wakes, which could determine wake recovery rates, impact the loads exerted on turbine structures, and play a critical role in the design and optimal control of wind farms. This paper presents a comprehensive review of previous work related to wake meandering. Emphasis is placed on the origin and characteristics of wake meandering and computational models, including both the dynamic wake meandering models and large-eddy simulation approaches. Future research directions in the field are also discussed.

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Dynamic Strategies for Yaw and Induction Control of Wind Farms Based on Large-Eddy Simulation and Optimization

Cited by 146 publications

References 64 publications

Large-Eddy Simulation of Yawed Wind-Turbine Wakes: Comparisons with Wind Tunnel Measurements and Analytical Wake Models

Large-Eddy Simulation of Yawed Wind-Turbine Wakes: Comparisons with Wind Tunnel Measurements and Analytical Wake Models

An active power control approach for wake-induced load alleviation in a fully developed wind farm boundary layer

A Review on the Meandering of Wind Turbine Wakes

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