Dynamic Stabilization of the Optical Resonances of Single Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond

Acosta, Víctor M.; Santori, Charles; Faraon, Andrei; Huang, Zhihong; Fu, Kai-Mei C.; Stacey, Alastair; Simpson, David A.; Ganesan, Kumaravelu; Tomljenovic‐Hanic, Snjezana; Greentree, Andrew D.; Prawer, S.; Beausoleil, Raymond G.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.108.206401

Cited by 136 publications

(162 citation statements)

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“…Indeed, proposals for efficient linear optical computing with a polarization-entangled photon source require photon collection and detection efficiencies above 0.5 [13,14]. Previously demonstrated frequency stabilization protocols with solid state emitters have a bandwidth limited by periodic measurements of ZPL peak position [15,16], or rely on continuously detecting a fraction of the ZPL [17]. In this letter, we present a technique for simultaneous and discriminatory detection of both the zero-phonon and the phonon-assisted components of the resonance fluorescence (RF) from a single QD.…”

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Frequency stabilization of the zero-phonon line of a quantum dot via phonon-assisted active feedback

Hansom

Schulte

Matthiesen

et al. 2014

Applied Physics Letters

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We report on the feedback stabilization of the zero-phonon emission frequency of a single InAs quantum dot. The spectral separation of the phonon-assisted component of the resonance fluorescence provides a probe of the detuning between the zero-phonon transition and the resonant driving laser. Using this probe in combination with active feedback, we stabilize the zero-phonon transition frequency against environmental fluctuations. This protocol reduces the zero-phonon fluorescence intensity noise by a factor of 22 by correcting for environmental noise with a bandwidth of 191 Hz, limited by the experimental collection efficiency. The associated sub-Hz fluctuations in the zerophonon central frequency are reduced by a factor of 7. This technique provides a means of stabilizing the quantum dot emission frequency without requiring access to the zero-phonon emission.A robust single photon source is an integral component for the implementation of many quantum technologies including linear optical quantum computing [1,2], quantum relays [3], and quantum networks [4]. Indium Arsenide self-assembled quantum dots (QDs) offer one of the most promising platforms [5] for such applications due to the large tuneability of their emission frequency [6], fast triggered emission rates [7,8], and the possibility of integration into nanostructures [9]. However, charge carriers confined to a semiconductor QD interact with the solid-state environment, in which disparate noise sources cause fluctuations of the central frequency of the optical transitions [10][11][12]. These fluctuations lead to both spectral distinguishability of the fluorescence from independent QDs as well as a decreased emission intensity in resonant excitation and represent a challenge to be overcome in order to achieve a scalable architecture using QDs. Here, we develop an active feedback stabilization scheme which makes use of the phonon-assisted fluorescence intensity as a probe for fluctuations of the zero-phonon line (ZPL) frequency. Our scheme allows for the detection and correction of environment-induced frequency fluctuations in a manner compatible with broadband photon collection strategies. Ideally, the frequency of the QD transition is stabilized without sacrificing any of the photon emission with a high bandwidth and in resonant excitation. Indeed, proposals for efficient linear optical computing with a polarization-entangled photon source require photon collection and detection efficiencies above 0.5 [13,14]. Previously demonstrated frequency stabilization protocols with solid state emitters have a bandwidth limited by periodic measurements of ZPL peak position [15,16], or rely on continuously detecting a fraction of the ZPL [17]. In this letter, we present a technique for simultaneous and discriminatory detection of both the zero-phonon and the phonon-assisted components of the resonance fluorescence (RF) from a single QD. We use the latter to generate an error signal in order to stabilize the intensity of the ZPL emission with a high bandwidth. We sho...

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confidence: 99%

Frequency stabilization of the zero-phonon line of a quantum dot via phonon-assisted active feedback

Hansom

Schulte

Matthiesen

et al. 2014

Applied Physics Letters

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“…Previous work on Stark tuning of grown-in NV centers has shown similar variation in tuning ranges and voltage responses. 15,16,20 This variability in behavior even over small spatial scales presents a challenge to achieving the level of control required for chip-scale entanglement generation.…”

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“…Previous NV center emission energy stabilization experiments used photoluminescence excitation (PLE) measurements of grownin NV centers for feedback control of the bias voltage, 16 but the large dynamic energy variation of implanted NV centers annealed at 800…”

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confidence: 99%

“…16 Due to the (001) diamond growth direction, this externally applied field has components both parallel and perpendicular to the NV axis. 22 Details on device fabrication and yield can be found in Ref.…”

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“…Longitudinal fields, parallel to the NV symmetry axis, will shift excited state energy levels linearly, while transverse fields will result in an excited state energy splitting that grows with increasing field. 15,16,22 The second factor is the few-mW non-resonant excitation, which results in photoionization of nearby defects and long-lived non-equilibrium charge distributions that can either amplify or screen the external electric field, 15 changing the effective Stark shift. 15,21 The local electric field is the combination of this local photoinduced field and the externally applied field.…”

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Frequency Control of Single Quantum Emitters in Integrated Photonic Circuits

et al. 2018

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Generating entangled graph states of qubits requires high entanglement rates, with efficient detection of multiple indistinguishable photons from separate qubits. Integrating defect-based qubits into photonic devices results in an enhanced photon collection efficiency, however, typically at the cost of a reduced defect emission energy homogeneity. Here, we demonstrate that the reduction in defect homogeneity in an integrated device can be partially offset by electric field tuning. Using photonic device-coupled implanted nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in a GaP-on-diamond platform, we demonstrate large field-dependent tuning ranges and partial stabilization of defect emission energies. These results address some of the challenges of chip-scale entanglement generation. 19 NV centers within ∼ 15 nm of the diamond surface, created via implantation and annealing, couple evanescently with the GaP layer. As a result of the static dipole moment of the defect's excited state, there is variation in emission energy both between different defects, due to variation in the local environment caused by implantation and processing damage, and in the emission energy of a single defect over time due to electric field fluctuations. However, this dipole moment also enables electric field control of the defect's emission energy. 6,15,20,21 We provide this control through the addition of Ti/Au electrodes to this GaP-on-diamond photonics platform.In the photonic devices used in these experiments, 22Measurements were performed between 12-14 K in a closed-cycle He cryostat. A 532 nm laser was used for optical excitation, focused onto the sample with a 0.7 NA microscope objective. Photoluminescence (PL) was collected from the grating coupler using the same objective, coupled into a grating spectrometer, and detected by a CCD camera (Figure 1(a)).The input and collection optical paths were separated by a 562 nm dichoric beamsplitter.Bias voltages were applied using a computer-controlled piezocontroller in the range of 0-100 V.We first demonstrate electric-field tuning of a waveguide-coupled NV center. Exciting We also electrically control the emission energy of a resonator-coupled NV center. We first tune the cavity mode of a waveguide-coupled disk resonator onto NV ZPL resonance via Xe gas deposition, while collecting the PL emission from the waveguide grating coupler.The Xe gas deposition results in a redshift of the resonator cavity mode. Figure 2 (b, left) shows the resulting Xe gas tuning curve for one disk resonator. Xe gas flow is halted from t ∼ 15 minutes to t ∼ 45 minutes to perform two voltage experiments and then resumed.NV centers that couple with the cavity mode are bright when in resonance with the cavity mode and not visible otherwise.19 There are several NV centers that couple to the cavity mode for this particular disk resonator. With the cavity mode tuned to resonance with two NV centers, we apply a square wave bias voltage (Figure 2(b)), and we see the two ZPL emission lines moving in response to the applied ...

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