Dynamic–Reversible MRI Nanoprobe for Continuous Imaging Redox Homeostasis in Hepatic Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury

Abstract

Hepatic ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury accompanied by oxidative stress is responsible for postoperative liver dysfunction and failure of liver surgery. However, the dynamic non-invasive mapping of redox homeostasis in deep-seated liver during hepatic I/R injury remains a great challenge. Herein, inspired by the intrinsic reversibility of disulfide bond in proteins, a kind of reversible redox-responsive magnetic nanoparticles (RRMNs) is designed for reversible imaging of both oxidant and antioxidant levels (ONOO–/GSH), based on sulfhydryl coupling/cleaving reaction. We develop a facile strategy to prepare such reversible MRI nanoprobe via one-step surface modification. Owing to the significant change in size during the reversible response, the imaging sensitivity of RRMNs is greatly improved, which enables RRMNs to monitor the tiny change of oxidative stress in liver injury. Notably, such reversible MRI nanoprobe can non-invasively visualize the deep-seated liver tissue slice by slice in living mice. Moreover, this MRI nanoprobe can not only report molecular information about the degree of liver injury but also provide anatomical information about where the pathology occurred. The reversible MRI probe is promising for accurately and facilely monitoring I/R process, accessing injury degree and developing powerful strategy for precise treatment.

Walking Dead Macrophage-Based Positive Enhancement MRI for Ultrahighly Efficient Diagnosis of Nephritis

“…Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive diagnostic tool for clinical use, with the merits of high imaging resolution and no limitation of tissue depth. − MRI contrast agent (CA) functions to accelerate the longitudinal relaxation ( T 1 ) of water protons in the body , or change the strength of the magnetic field or magnetization intensity of tissues to affect the transverse relaxation ( T 2 ). , The T 1 and T 2 CAs can enhance the MRI contrast by making the lesions lighter or darker than the surrounding normal tissues, respectively. , For the conventional MRI of nephritis, only when the severe inflammation causes tissue cell edema and exudates increase, can the lesion be visualized, which undoubtedly limits its further application in clinical diagnosis . In order to construct MRI CAs with higher specificity for nephritis, a series of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO) with monoclonal antibodies and various inorganic and organic polymers was reported .…”

An Activatable Semiconducting Nanoprobe for Early and Accurate Diagnosis of Liver Injury

“…Molecular imaging, an advanced technique in liver injury detection, offers the ability to visualize and quantify biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels . Clinical imaging techniques for liver injury detection include ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ,− offering noninvasive assessment of liver structure, function, and fibrosis . This approach can provide insights into the pathophysiology of liver disease, facilitating early detection and monitoring of disease progression .…”

Metal–Organic Framework for Hypoxia/ROS/pH Triple‐Responsive Cargo Release

“…By taking advantage of the hypoxic tumor microenvironment where azoreductase is overexpressed, the azo groups could act as the substrates of azoreductase, resulting disassembly of nanocarriers for triggered on-demand photosensitizers release, accompanied by the depletion of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen (NADPH). [21][22][23] The recycling of both GSH and Trx antioxidant systems vastly relies on the involvement of NADPH that donates electrons and aids the reduction of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) to GSH by glutathione reductase (GR) and oxidized thioredoxin to Trx by thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), respectively (Figure S1, Supporting Information). [21] Azocontaining MOF can not only promote the disintegration of the nanoparticles through the reduction of azo group to facilitate drug release, but also enhance the photodynamic effect by reducing GSH and Trx content in the tumor cells.…”