Dynamic response of bone and muscle tissue.

Constant strain rate compression of bovine cortical bone on the Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar

“…Research indicates that the strain rate sensitivity of cortical bone is evident in that its final fracture occurs at a higher stress and lower strain with increased loading rate. This behaviour is prevalent in both tension [14] and compression [13] for small changes in both quasi-static and dynamic strain rates [18].…”

“…Several investigations on the dynamic and quasi-static behaviour of bone have determined that factors such as material orientation [5][6][7][8], the mode of loading (tension or compression) [9], age [10], gender [11] and bone mineral density [12] influence the fracture and pre-fracture responses of cortical bone. This paper, however, focusses on the ratedependent nature of bone which has been documented by numerous studies over the past fifty years [4,5,[13][14][15][16][17].…”

“…The criterion is based on uni-axial compression tests by McElhaney [13] on the bone from human and bovine femurs at strain rates between 10 −3 s −1 and 1.5 × 10 3 s −1 . Research indicates that the strain rate sensitivity of cortical bone is evident in that its final fracture occurs at a higher stress and lower strain with increased loading rate.…”

Development of novel synthetic muscle tissues for sports impact surrogates

“…Consequently, very few studies presented are of human tissues (Chawla et al, 2009;Balaraman et al, 2012). Much more of the muscle characterisation research published being obtained from testing on more accessible organic animal specimens such as bovine (McElhaney, 1966;Van Sligtenhorst et al, 2006) or porcine sources (Song et al, 2007;Van Loocke et al, 2006, 2009. It is suggested that these tissues exhibit anatomically and biologically similar structures to humans (Douglas, 1972;Snedeker et al, 2005).…”

“…Most tests are conducted in uniaxial compression and have been performed under quasi-static loading conditions (Yamada, 1970;Fung 1993), which are unrepresentative of the dynamic loading experienced from sports impacts. McElhaney (1966) conducted a seminal study characterising in vitro bovine tissues around the femur in uniaxial compression using both a Tinius-Olsen electromatic test machine and an air operated test machine for tests at low and high strain rates respectively. In recent years, authors have typically investigated the high strain rate response of soft tissues using a polymeric Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB), capable of testing in the order of 10 3 s -1 (Van Sligtenhorst et al, 2006;Song et al, 2007;Chawla et al, 2009;Balaraman et al, 2012).…”