Dynamic pricing and control for EV charging stations with solar generation

Proximal Policy Optimization for Energy Management of Electric Vehicles and PV Storage Units

“…The objective of RL is to select a sequence of policies (π * ) that maximize the cumulative agent reward, which is the return. Lastly, RL algorithms have been applied to the energy management of electric vehicle batteries, mainly focusing on pricing mechanisms [24][25][26]. The authors of [27] proposed the participation of EV battery swap stations in frequency regulation by means of V2G technology.…”

“…The authors of [27] proposed the participation of EV battery swap stations in frequency regulation by means of V2G technology. In [28], deep learning models were applied to mechanisms [24][25][26]. The authors of [27] proposed the participation of EV battery swap stations in frequency regulation by means of V2G technology.…”

“…Table 1 highlights the novelty of our study in comparison with a representative number of published studies. mechanisms [24][25][26]. The authors of [27] proposed the participation of EV ba ery swap stations in frequency regulation by means of V2G technology.…”

“…Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 20 mechanisms [24][25][26]. The authors of [27] proposed the participation of EV ba ery swap stations in frequency regulation by means of V2G technology.…”

“…Energies 2023, 16, x FOR PEER REVIEW mechanisms [24][25][26]. The authors of [27] prop stations in frequency regulation by means of V els were applied to solve EV demand forecast ing/discharging model was proposed in [29] an ment learning algorithm.…”