Abstract:To generate the electrical communication, biocompatibility, and controlled cell attachment properties required for advanced bioelectronic technologies, a dynamic poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) film is developed based on a biomimetic approach. The dynamic PEDOT integrates low impedance, nonspecific‐binding resistance, and redox‐responsive characteristics while coupling with cells stably and specifically. The combination of these features ensures stable and efficient electrical communication with cells… Show more
“…We use hydroxylmethyl EDOT (EDOTOH) alongside EDOT as the building blocks of the CP network, while ClO 4 − and water are used as the dopant and the medium, respectively ( Figure a). Our polymer contains EDOTOH because the monomer introduces hydroxyl (OH) groups to the polymer network, which are envisaged to interact with target enzymes but also enable chemical coupling reactions for further modification . We chose ClO 4 − as the dopant instead of the more commonly used PSS − because of the hygroscopicity and acidic nature of the latter leading to CPs with aqueous instability and sensitivity to humidity .…”
Electrochemical polymerization is a versatile method for rapid deposition of conducting polymer (CP) films. The target substrates have, however, been limited to planar, metallic surfaces; hence, the devices that integrate electropolymerized CP films have predominantly been passive electrodes. In this work, it is shown that electrochemical polymerization has a high degree of freedom, which allows growing biofunctionalized CP films in microscale transistor channels. CP films are electrochemically deposited from two monomers, namely, 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and hydroxymethyl EDOT (EDOTOH), inside the channel of an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT). In aqueous electrolytes, the copolymer p(EDOT‐ran‐EDOTOH) shows excellent charging capability and OECT performance. The presence of hydroxyl groups facilitates stable incorporation of catalytic enzymes in the copolymer matrix during electropolymerization, rendering OECT channels biologically functionalized. The transistor channels made of CP films with the entrapped enzyme show output characteristics that change with respect to the concentration of its target metabolite. In the form of a miniaturized, single chip, the multi‐transistor platform simultaneously measures glucose, cholesterol, and lactate concentrations of a given fluid. With the ability to grow and pattern CPs functionalized with biorecognition units on miniaturized areas, this technique promises for the development of multiplexed platforms for electronic biosensing.
“…We use hydroxylmethyl EDOT (EDOTOH) alongside EDOT as the building blocks of the CP network, while ClO 4 − and water are used as the dopant and the medium, respectively ( Figure a). Our polymer contains EDOTOH because the monomer introduces hydroxyl (OH) groups to the polymer network, which are envisaged to interact with target enzymes but also enable chemical coupling reactions for further modification . We chose ClO 4 − as the dopant instead of the more commonly used PSS − because of the hygroscopicity and acidic nature of the latter leading to CPs with aqueous instability and sensitivity to humidity .…”
Electrochemical polymerization is a versatile method for rapid deposition of conducting polymer (CP) films. The target substrates have, however, been limited to planar, metallic surfaces; hence, the devices that integrate electropolymerized CP films have predominantly been passive electrodes. In this work, it is shown that electrochemical polymerization has a high degree of freedom, which allows growing biofunctionalized CP films in microscale transistor channels. CP films are electrochemically deposited from two monomers, namely, 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and hydroxymethyl EDOT (EDOTOH), inside the channel of an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT). In aqueous electrolytes, the copolymer p(EDOT‐ran‐EDOTOH) shows excellent charging capability and OECT performance. The presence of hydroxyl groups facilitates stable incorporation of catalytic enzymes in the copolymer matrix during electropolymerization, rendering OECT channels biologically functionalized. The transistor channels made of CP films with the entrapped enzyme show output characteristics that change with respect to the concentration of its target metabolite. In the form of a miniaturized, single chip, the multi‐transistor platform simultaneously measures glucose, cholesterol, and lactate concentrations of a given fluid. With the ability to grow and pattern CPs functionalized with biorecognition units on miniaturized areas, this technique promises for the development of multiplexed platforms for electronic biosensing.
“…For instance, Lin et al electropolymerized a PEDOT-based copolymer that consisted of a zwitterionic phosphorylcholinegrafted EDOT to provide resistance against the nonspecific binding of cells/proteins, and a hydroquinone (HQ)-grafted EDOT as a redox switch that controlled the interactions with cells through the linked peptides (Figure 7A, i). [127] The HQ units of the copolymer had a pH-dependent redox activity that also allowed for linking an aminooxy-functionalized RGD peptide on the surface through oxime ligation. In an oxidized state and at low pH, the RGD units enabled the adhesion of mouse fibroblasts on the polymer surface whereas without the RGD units, the phosphorylcholine units prevented the adhesion of proteins or cells, most likely because of the highly hydrophilic yet net-neutral charge of the zwitterionic groups.…”
Section: Chemically Functionalized Cps For Smart Cellular Interfacesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Reproduced with permission. [127] Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH. B) A copolymer consisting of two PEDOT units containing PC or maleimide (MI) units.…”
Section: Chemically Functionalized Cps For Smart Cellular Interfacesmentioning
Conjugated polymers (CPs) possess a unique set of features setting them apart from other materials. These properties make them ideal when interfacing the biological world electronically. Their mixed electronic and ionic conductivity can be used to detect weak biological signals, deliver charged bioactive molecules, and mechanically or electrically stimulate tissues. CPs can be functionalized with various (bio)chemical moieties and blend with other functional materials, with the aim of modulating biological responses or endow specificity toward analytes of interest. They can absorb photons and generate electronic charges that are then used to stimulate cells or produce fuels. These polymers also have catalytic properties allowing them to harvest ambient energy and, along with their high capacitances, are promising materials for next‐generation power sources integrated with bioelectronic devices. In this perspective, an overview of the key properties of CPs and examination of operational mechanism of electronic devices that leverage these properties for specific applications in bioelectronics is provided. In addition to discussing the chemical structure–functionality relationships of CPs applied at the biological interface, the development of new chemistries and form factors that would bring forth next‐generation sensors, actuators, and their power sources, and, hence, advances in the field of organic bioelectronics is described.
“…Lin et al. [ 90 ] constructed a dynamic poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) film based on a hydroquinone-functionalized 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and zwitterionic phosphorylcholine–functionalized EDOT. The dynamic PEDOT film provides a clear electroresponsive oxime switch for addressing surface functions spatiotemporally based on the benzoquinone-hydroquinone electroredox interconversion ( Fig.…”
Section: Electronic Stimulimentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Fig. 2 The dynamic poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films spatiotemporally control cell attachment, detachment, and differentiation by a clear electroresponsive oxime switch: [red]; reduction, [ox]; oxidation [ 90 ]. …”
The living cell can be regarded as an ideal functional material system in which many functional systems are working together with high efficiency and specificity mostly under mild ambient conditions. Fabrication of living cell–like functional materials is regarded as one of the final goals of the nanoarchitectonics approach. In this short review article, material-based approaches for regulation of living cell behaviors by external stimuli are discussed. Nanoarchitectonics strategies on cell regulation by various external inputs are first exemplified. Recent approaches on cell regulation with interfacial nanoarchitectonics are also discussed in two extreme cases using a very hard interface with nanoarchitected carbon arrays and a fluidic interface of the liquid-liquid interface. Importance of interfacial nanoarchitectonics in controlling living cells by mechanical and supramolecular stimuli from the interfaces is demonstrated.
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