“…However, with the significantly increasing scale and complexity of emergency evacuation problems, and new requirements being put forward for hardware and SC Notes: N denotes the total number of the subject categories, F represents the frequency of each subject, and P is the corresponding proportion. traffic evacuation, Vehicle-mounted Internet, Radio Frequency Identification, and GIS have greatly promoted the development of intelligent traffic evacuation (Chen and Chung, 2017;Du et al, 2021;Wang et al, 2022b). Recent popular technologies, such as Big Data, VR, 5G, Sensors, and Cloud technology, enable scholars to accurately quantify and analyze human psychology, social behaviour, and crowd dynamics during large-scale emergency evacuation situations, hence, to better set the parameters for pedestrians or crowds in SC models (Diao and Shih, 2018;Feng et al, 2022;Li and Hsiao, 2018;Zhang et al, 2016).…”