Dynamic operation of water electrolyzers: A review for applications in photovoltaic systems integration

Lopez, Victor Arturo Martinez Martinez; Ziar, Hesan; Haverkort, J.W.; Zeman, Miro; Isabella, Olindo

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2023.113407

Cited by 29 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…Hydrogen crossover increases with pressure and reduces the faradaic efficiency of the electrolyzer, which limits pressurized electrolysis to around 30 bar . Pressurized operation, enabled by the lower gas crossover, is reported to permit faster pressure variations, making PEM-WE more attractive for end uses that require dynamic operation, such as grid leveling systems . This key advantage over diaphragm separators allows the use of thinner membranes (50–300 μm), significantly reducing ohmic overpotential losses which reduces the applied voltage to 1.6–1.8 V at ≥1 A cm –2 . ,, High current densities for PEM-WE reduce the number of cells required per stack.…”

Section: Anion-exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis (Aem-we) For Gree...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Opportunities of Ionomer Development for Anion-Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis

2023

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Section: Anion-exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis (Aem-we) For Gree...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Opportunities of Ionomer Development for Anion-Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis

2023

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“…Dynamic models, which belong to the class of mechanistic models, are useful to describe systems in real-time, besides, from these models, control theory can be applied [11]. The equivalent electronic circuit model (ECM), which belongs to the dynamic models, allows modeling the PEM electrolyzer voltage response during dynamic operating conditions [12]. Usually, the ECM takes into account the over-voltages that occur within the PEM electrolyzer [13], [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and Implementation of the Luenberger Observer for Estimating the Voltage Response of a PEM Electrolyzer During Supply Current Variations

Hernández-gómez,

Langarica-Cordoba,

Martinez-Rodriguez

et al. 2024

IEEE Access

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Equivalent electrical circuits (ECM) have proven to be effective in modeling the dynamic behavior of proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer voltage response. They are a valuable tool for studying the interactions between power electronics and PEM electrolyzers during dynamic operating conditions. Generally, the ECM takes into consideration the activation over-voltage that is present at both the anode and the cathode for the dynamic part of the model. Therefore, the monitoring of the ECM activation over-voltage is an important issue for the correct modeling of the PEM electrolyzer voltage. However, voltage sensors for this over-voltage are expensive and the reported observers of the PEM electrolyzer activation overvoltage are scarce and have not been validated over a sufficiently long time. This work aims at overcoming these drawbacks by proposing the use of a Luenberger observer to accurately estimate the activation overvoltage using an ECM. Based on this proposal, it is possible to build a device capable of emulating the electrolyzer voltage efficiently. Furthermore, a stability analysis of the observable system is provided to ensure its performance throughout the experiment period. Statistical results, based on experimental voltage data from a PEM electrolyzer QL-300, demonstrate the high accuracy and performance of the Luenberger observer under continuous changes in input currents, which demonstrates its robustness.INDEX TERMS Electronic circuit model, Luenberger observer, PEM electrolyzer, Stability analysis, Voltage behavior.

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“…Another aspect is the availability of relatively cheap energy from renewable energy sources (RES) [56]. Moreover, one can count on the availability of large amounts of this energy [57,58]. At the level of market products, there are already proven technologies designed for the compression and storage of large amounts of hydrogen [59,60].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategic Model for Yellow Hydrogen Production Using the Metalog Family of Probability Distributions

Małek,

Dudziak,

Caban

et al. 2024

Energies

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Storing energy in hydrogen has been recognized by scientists as one of the most effective ways of storing energy for many reasons. The first of these reasons is the availability of technology for producing hydrogen from water using electrolytic methods. Another aspect is the availability of relatively cheap energy from renewable energy sources. Moreover, you can count on the availability of large amounts of this energy. The aim of this article is to support the decision-making processes related to the production of yellow hydrogen using a strategic model which exploits the metalog family of probability distributions. This model allows us to calculate, with accuracy regarding the probability distribution, the amount of energy produced by photovoltaic systems with a specific peak power. Using the model in question, it is possible to calculate the expected amount of electricity produced daily from the photovoltaic system and the corresponding amount of yellow hydrogen produced. Such a strategic model may be appropriate for renewable energy developers who build photovoltaic systems intended specifically for the production of yellow and green hydrogen. Based on our model, they can estimate the size of the photovoltaic system needed to produce the assumed hydrogen volume. The strategic model can also be adopted by producers of green and yellow hydrogen. Due to precise calculations, up to the probability distribution, the model allows us to calculate the probability of providing the required energy from a specific part of the energy mix.

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Dynamic operation of water electrolyzers: A review for applications in photovoltaic systems integration

Cited by 29 publications

References 90 publications

Opportunities of Ionomer Development for Anion-Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis

Opportunities of Ionomer Development for Anion-Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis

Design and Implementation of the Luenberger Observer for Estimating the Voltage Response of a PEM Electrolyzer During Supply Current Variations

Strategic Model for Yellow Hydrogen Production Using the Metalog Family of Probability Distributions

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