Dynamic of ENSO towards upwelling and thermal front zone in the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia

Tropical drought patterns and their linkages to large‐scale climate variability over Peninsular Malaysia

“…While drought indices are highly depending on precipitation amount, over Peninsular Malaysia, precipitation variability is primarily driven by monsoons (Fung et al, 2020a;Suhaila et al, 2010), which show large variability from 1 year to another in response to changes in ocean-atmospheric modes of climate variability (Albani et al, 2018;Supari et al, 2018;Tangang et al, 2012). The hydroclimate variability over Malaysia has been found to be affected by sea surface temperature (SST) variability, especially over the Pacific Ocean (e.g., Daud et al, 2019;Salimun et al, 2014;Suhaila et al, 2010;Tangang & Juneng, 2004) and the Indian Ocean (e.g., Tan et al, 2017;Tangang et al, 2008Tangang et al, , 2012. Furthermore, in both the Pacific and Indian oceans, SST variability has been linked to processes modulating the moisture distribution in the troposphere (Chakraborty et al, 2006;Lee et al, 2015;Pillai & Mohankumar, 2010).…”