Dynamic Modelling of LNG Powered Combined Energy Systems in Port Areas

Abstract

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is a crucial resource to reduce the environmental impact of fossil-fueled vehicles, especially with regards to maritime transport, where LNG is increasingly used for ship bunkering. The present paper gives insights on how the installation of LNG tanks inside harbors can be capitalized to increase the energy efficiency of port cities and reduce GHG emissions. To this purpose, a novel integrated energy system is introduced. The Boil Off Gas (BOG) from LNG tanks is exploited in a combined plant, where heat and power are produced by a regenerated gas turbine cycle; at the same time, cold exergy from LNG regasification contributes to an increase in the efficiency of a vapor compression refrigeration cycle. In the paper, the integrated energy system is simulated by means of dynamic modeling under daily variable working conditions. Results confirm that the model is stable and able to determine the time behavior of the integrated plant. Energy saving is evaluated, and daily trends of key thermophysical parameters are reported and discussed. The analysis of thermal recovering from the flue gases shows that it is possible to recover a large energy share from the turbine exhausts. Hence, the system can generate electricity for port cold ironing and, through a secondary brine loop, cold exergy for a refrigeration plant. Overall, the proposed solution allows primary energy savings up to 22% when compared with equivalent standard technologies with the same final user needs. The exploitation of an LNG regasification process through smart integration of energy systems and implementation of efficient energy grids can contribute to greener energy management in harbors.

Energy–Logistics Cooperative Optimization for a Port-Integrated Energy System

“…The literature review indicates that many studies have been conducted on ports from multiple perspectives such as berth optimization [23,24,30,31], logistics scheduling [36,38], and energy supply [5,6]. However, there is still relatively little research on the collaborative optimization of logistics and energy systems.…”

“…Their experiment found that the "operation surface" scheduling mode shortened the average waiting time by 33% compared to the "operation line" scheduling mode. Borelli et al [23] use the lowest cost of delay to minimize the total ship service time by considering berth productivity under a given berth schedule. Aljuaid et al [24] adopt a mixed-integer linear programming model, aiming to minimize the waiting time of ships at ports and improve the efficiency of ship entry and exit.…”

Ports in a Storm: Port-City Environmental Challenges and Solutions

“…Despite proving effective at reducing air pollution [30,31] these methods are not widespread, and the majority of world ports do not implement them. Shore-to-ship power, also known as alternative marine power, shore power or cold ironing, is the practice of providing an electricity supply to ships in port.…”