Dynamic mechanical analysis at the submicron scale

Oulevey, F.; Burnham, Nancy A.; Gremaud, G.; Kulik, Andrzej; Pollock, H. M.; Hammiche, A.; Reading, M.; Song, Mo; Hourston, D. J.

doi:10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00601-1

Cited by 47 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Lateral force microscopy, 6,7 force-distance curves, 8 friction force microscopy 9 and shear modulation force microscopy 10 indicated a significant lowering of the surface T g compared with the bulk value. Scanning local acceleration microscopy (SLAM) 11 can determine the thermal properties of polymers with high lateral resolution but the tip is in contact with the surface and could stick. Micro thermal analysis (µTA) 12 is another SPM-based method that uses a thermal probe in contact with the sample surface to determine the thermal properties of the polymer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of thermal parameters and mechanical properties of polymers by atomic force microscopy

Meincken

Balk

Sanderson

2003

Surface & Interface Analysis

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A novel technique has been developed to determine thermal transitions locally, e.g. the glass transition of polymers, with atomic force microscopy (AFM). The microscope was operated in stationary non-contact mode, using it like a dynamic mechanical analyser on a molecular scale, thereby measuring the resonance frequency of the AFM cantilever, which oscillates above the sample surface, as a function of temperature. The thermal transitions of the underlying polymer are clearly visible as a change in the resonance frequency. Using the AFM in this mode allows the determination of the thermal properties of a material at a specific spot on the sample on a molecular scale. Measurements were performed on different polymers, polymer blends, structured polymers, layered systems and thin films.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of thermal parameters and mechanical properties of polymers by atomic force microscopy

Meincken

Balk

Sanderson

2003

Surface & Interface Analysis

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“…These instruments include atomic force microscopes (AFM) and scanning tunneling microscopes (STM) [20]. Although the initial use of AFM was to provide resolution on 3D surface topographic images, several techniques have been developed to measure other surface properties of materials such as viscoelasticity, mechanical, and thermomechanical properties [22,50,70,81,126,127,144,152,191,202].…”

Section: Scanning Probe Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Methods and Theories to Describe the Glass Transition Phenomenon: Applications in Food and Pharmaceutical Products

2009

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Given the complexity in composition and the various environmental conditions to which foods and pharmaceuticals are exposed during processing and storage, stability, functionality, and quality are key attributes that deserve careful attention. Quality and stability of foods and pharmaceuticals are mainly affected by environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and time, and for processing conditions (e.g., shear, pressure) under which they may undergo physical and chemical transformations. Glass transition is a key phenomenon which is useful to understand how external conditions affect physical changes on materials. Consequently, theories that predict and describe the glass transition phenomenon are of a great interest not only for the food industry but also it extends to the pharmaceutical and polymer industries. It is important to emphasize that the materials of relevance in these industries are interchangeably sharing similar issues on functionality and their association with the glass transition phenomenon. Development of new materials and understanding the physicochemical behavior of existing ones require a scientific foundation that translates into safe and high-quality foods, improved quality of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals with lower risk to patients, and functional efficacy of polymers used in food and medicinal products. This review addresses the glass transition phenomenon from a kinetics and thermodynamics standpoint by presenting existing models that are able to estimate the glass transition temperature. It also explores traditional and novel methods used for the characterization of the glass transition phenomenon.

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“…The most common bulk methods include differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential thermal scanning analysis, dynamical mechanical analysis, dynamical mechanical thermal analysis, and thermo mechanical analysis (TMA). 25 Various modes of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) have been used to study thermal properties of polymer films, including hot-stage and scanning thermal microscopy, [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] friction (lateral) force microscopy, [40][41][42] shear-modulated scanning force microscopy, 43,44 force-distance measurements, 45 scanning local acceleration microscopy, 46 and detection of the resonance frequency of an SPM probe oscillating just above a heated sample. [47][48][49][50] detecting thermal transitions in styrene-butadiene copolymer latex films 51,52 and polyester and styrene/ acrylate composite powders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal analysis and topographical characterization of films of styrene‐butadiene blends

Ihalainen

Backfolk

Sirviö

et al. 2008

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) was used to study the thermal characteristics of latex films consisting of blends of two different styrene-butadiene copolymers with different glass transition temperatures (T g ). The resonance frequency (x) and the quality factor (Q p ) of an SPM probe oscillating above the sample surface were determined at different probe temperatures (T p ). Thermal transitions associated with a change in heat capacity were observed in the Dx-T p curves. The results were compared with differential scanning calorimetry measurements. The very slow heating rate used in the SPM method effectively eliminated the contribution of volumetric changes of the films around T g . Annealing of the samples in an oven did not influence the thermal transitions observed in the Dx-T p curves. The SPM method also enabled a novel approach for determining transition-induced dimensional changes (vertical contraction, expansion) of the films. Annealing was found to increase the dimensional stability of the blend films. The latex blends were also annealed by the SPM probe and the film progressed from particulate phase morphology to a continuous phase.

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Dynamic mechanical analysis at the submicron scale

Cited by 47 publications

References 8 publications

Measurement of thermal parameters and mechanical properties of polymers by atomic force microscopy

Measurement of thermal parameters and mechanical properties of polymers by atomic force microscopy

A Review on Methods and Theories to Describe the Glass Transition Phenomenon: Applications in Food and Pharmaceutical Products

Thermal analysis and topographical characterization of films of styrene‐butadiene blends

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