Dynamic Local Strain in Graphene Generated by Surface Acoustic Waves

Fandan, Rajveer; Pedrós, J.; Hernández-Mínguez, A.; Iikawa, F.; Santos, P. V.; Boscá, Alberto; Calle, F.

doi:10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04085

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Raman shift (cm -1 ) (Fig. 2d) can be assigned to time-averaged Raman frequency shifts due to dynamical strain 48 . We have consistently observed dynamicallyenhanced strain in three graphene drums with similar designs, denoted device 1, 2, 3.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamically-enhanced strain in atomically thin resonators

et al. 2020

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Graphene and related two-dimensional (2D) materials associate remarkable mechanical, electronic, optical and phononic properties. As such, 2D materials are promising for hybrid systems that couple their elementary excitations (excitons, phonons) to their macroscopic mechanical modes. These built-in systems may yield enhanced strain-mediated coupling compared to bulkier architectures, e.g., comprising a single quantum emitter coupled to a nano-mechanical resonator. Here, using micro-Raman spectroscopy on pristine monolayer graphene drums, we demonstrate that the macroscopic flexural vibrations of graphene induce dynamical optical phonon softening. This softening is an unambiguous fingerprint of dynamically-induced tensile strain that reaches values up to ≈4 × 10−4 under strong non-linear driving. Such non-linearly enhanced strain exceeds the values predicted for harmonic vibrations with the same root mean square (RMS) amplitude by more than one order of magnitude. Our work holds promise for dynamical strain engineering and dynamical strain-mediated control of light-matter interactions in 2D materials and related heterostructures.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamically-enhanced strain in atomically thin resonators

et al. 2020

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“…Strain engineering in graphene has a longer history than that in TMDCs, which has enabled various applications. Depending on the straining techniques, graphene optical signals (e.g., the Raman resonance) can be indirectly modified by electrical signals 104 , gas pressure 105 , and even sound waves 106 . As a result of the modified phonon dispersion and electronic band structure, both theoretical analysis and experiments have demonstrated two common characteristics in the Raman spectra: strain-induced shifting and splitting of Raman spectral peaks (both of which depend on the direction and magnitude of the applied strain).…”

Section: Strain Tuning and Splitting Of Raman Resonancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strain engineering of 2D semiconductors and graphene: from strain fields to band-structure tuning and photonic applications

Peng¹,

Chen²,

Fan³

et al. 2020

Light Sci Appl

323

183

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Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) and graphene compose a new family of crystalline materials with atomic thicknesses and exotic mechanical, electronic, and optical properties. Due to their inherent exceptional mechanical flexibility and strength, these 2D materials provide an ideal platform for strain engineering, enabling versatile modulation and significant enhancement of their optical properties. For instance, recent theoretical and experimental investigations have demonstrated flexible control over their electronic states via application of external strains, such as uniaxial strain and biaxial strain. Meanwhile, many nondestructive optical measurement methods, typically including absorption, reflectance, photoluminescence, and Raman spectroscopies, can be readily exploited to quantitatively determine strain-engineered optical properties. This review begins with an introduction to the macroscopic theory of crystal elasticity and microscopic effective low-energy Hamiltonians coupled with strain fields, and then summarizes recent advances in strain-induced optical responses of 2D TMDCs and graphene, followed by the strain engineering techniques. It concludes with exciting applications associated with strained 2D materials, discussions on existing open questions, and an outlook on this intriguing emerging field.

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“…Surface acoustic wave (SAW) propagation is a powerful method of investigating the mechanical and electrical properties of low-dimensional materials such as 2D electron gases 27 , 28 , graphene 29 , 30 , 1D carbon nanotubes 31 , 32 , and zero D quantum dots 33 , 34 . In this study, we investigated the thermodynamic properties of deformed few-layer graphene by analyzing the propagation velocities, frequencies and attenuation characteristics of SAWs that passed through the graphene layers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible pair-graphene structures govern the thermodynamic properties of arbitrarily stacked few-layer graphene

Sun

Kirimoto

Takase

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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The thermodynamic properties of few-layer graphene arbitrarily stacked on LiNbO3 crystal were characterized by measuring the parameters of a surface acoustic wave as it passed through the graphene/LiNbO3 interface. The parameters considered included the propagation velocity, frequency, and attenuation. Mono-, bi-, tri-, tetra-, and penta-layer graphene samples were prepared by transferring individual graphene layers onto LiNbO3 crystal surfaces at room temperature. Intra-layer lattice deformation was observed in all five samples. Further inter-layer lattice deformation was confirmed in samples with odd numbers of layers. The inter-layer lattice deformation caused stick–slip friction at the graphene/LiNbO3 interface near the temperature at which the layers were stacked. The thermal expansion coefficient of the deformed few-layer graphene transitioned from positive to negative as the number of layers increased. To explain the experimental results, we proposed a few-layer graphene even–odd layer number stacking order effect. A stable pair-graphene structure formed preferentially in the few-layer graphene. In even-layer graphene, the pair-graphene structure formed directly on the LiNbO3 substrate. Contrasting phenomena were noted with odd-layer graphene. Single-layer graphene was bound to the substrate after the stable pair-graphene structure was formed. The pair-graphene structure affected the stacking order and inter-layer lattice deformation of few-layer graphene substantially.

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Dynamic Local Strain in Graphene Generated by Surface Acoustic Waves

Cited by 20 publications

References 71 publications

Dynamically-enhanced strain in atomically thin resonators

Dynamically-enhanced strain in atomically thin resonators

Strain engineering of 2D semiconductors and graphene: from strain fields to band-structure tuning and photonic applications

Possible pair-graphene structures govern the thermodynamic properties of arbitrarily stacked few-layer graphene

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