Dynamic Investigation of Battery Materials via Advanced Visualization: From Particle, Electrode to Cell Level

Abstract

Li‐ion batteries, the most‐popular secondary battery, are typically electrochemical systems controlled by ion‐insertion dynamics. The battery dynamics involve mass transport, charge transfer, ion–electron coupled reactions, electrolyte penetration, ion solvation, and interfacial evolution. However, it is difficult for the traditional electrochemical methods to capture the accurate and individual details of the dynamic processes in “black box” batteries; instead, only the net result of multi‐factors on the whole scale. Recently, different advanced visualization techniques have been developed, which provide powerful tools to track and monitor the internal real‐time dynamic processes, giving intuitive details and fine information at various scales from crystal lattice, single particle, electrode to cell level. Here, the recent progress on the investigation of electrochemical dynamics in battery materials are reviewed, via developed techniques across wide timescales and space‐scales, including the dynamic process inside the active particle, kinetics issues at the electrode/electrolyte interface, dynamic inhomogeneity in the electrode, and dynamic transportation at the cell level. Finally, the fundamental principles to improve the battery dynamics are summarized and new technologies for future more stringent conditions are highlighted. In prospect, this review opens sight on the battery interior for a clearer, deeper, and more thorough understanding of the dynamics.

Prospects for managing end‐of‐life lithium‐ion batteries: Present and future

“…[62] Currently, the main research direction based on residual life prediction technology is battery whole lifecycle monitoring, that is, establishing a big data-based platform and approach for residual value analysis of retired batteries (such as integrating various methods based on the Kalman filter (KF) algorithm and its derivative algorithms) to realize real-time monitoring of SOC and state of health (SOH) of the battery. [63][64][65][66] By swapping out bad cells and reformulating the best match to bring the voltage, capacity, and internal resistance of the entire battery pack into alignment, the remaining energy can be used more efficiently. ReJoule's technology [67,68] for diagnosing battery packs relies on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), which uses alternating current swept at many frequencies to measure the health of materials within the battery.…”

Molecular Engineering Strategies toward Molybdenum Diselenide Design for Energy Storage and Conversion

“…Therefore, in situ technologies are crucial for researchers to identify reaction routes and "see" the overall reaction processes. [323] In addition to conventional in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman techniques, more advanced in situ methods, especially for detecting organic intermediates, can be used to evaluate the mechanism and confirm the merits of MoSe 2 . For example, in situ DRIFTS was hired to monitor the COOH* and CHO* intermediates for the photocatalytic CO 2 RR over MoSe 2 and validate the accelerated kinetics over modified MoSe 2 structures.…”

Layered Oxide Cathode‐Electrolyte Interface towards Na‐Ion Batteries: Advances and Perspectives

“…For now, most of our understanding of the interface are based on ex-situ characterization Spectroscopic and Microscopic protocols, which risks spoiling the coveted information. [169] Meanwhile, in situ/operando characterization opens new perspectives on combining spectroscopic and microscopic and electrochemical characterization techniques. [170] Spectro-electrochemistry can provide information on intermediate electrochemical responses during subsequent surface redox processes and species variation.…”