Dynamic Interactions among Boundaries and the Expansion of Sustainable Aquaculture

Broitman, Bernardo R.; Halpern, Benjamin S.; Gelcich, Stefan; Lardies, Marco A.; Vargas, Cristian A.; Lavín, Felipe Vásquez; Widdicombe, Stephen; Birchenough, Silvana N.R.

doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00015

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…Promoting seaweed aquaculture as a component of climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies requires that all four dimensions of the social-ecological system that supports seaweed aquaculture (cf. Broitman et al, 2017) be addressed: (1) biological productivity to enhance carbon capture, (2) environment constraints to the expansion of seaweed aquaculture, (3) policy tools that enable seaweed aquaculture, and (4) manage societal preferences and markets demands for seaweed products. Maintaining a market price that encourages seaweed farmers to engage and implement design improvements to maximize climate services delivered by the farm requires that markets diversify to increase the demand for seaweed products.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?

et al. 2017

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Seaweed aquaculture, the fastest-growing component of global food production, offers a slate of opportunities to mitigate, and adapt to climate change. Seaweed farms release carbon that maybe buried in sediments or exported to the deep sea, therefore acting as a CO 2 sink. The crop can also be used, in total or in part, for biofuel production, with a potential CO 2 mitigation capacity, in terms of avoided emissions from fossil fuels, of about 1,500 tons CO 2 km −2 year −1 . Seaweed aquaculture can also help reduce the emissions from agriculture, by improving soil quality substituting synthetic fertilizer and when included in cattle fed, lowering methane emissions from cattle. Seaweed aquaculture contributes to climate change adaptation by damping wave energy and protecting shorelines, and by elevating pH and supplying oxygen to the waters, thereby locally reducing the effects of ocean acidification and de-oxygenation. The scope to expand seaweed aquaculture is, however, limited by the availability of suitable areas and competition for suitable areas with other uses, engineering systems capable of coping with rough conditions offshore, and increasing market demand for seaweed products, among other factors. Despite these limitations, seaweed farming practices can be optimized to maximize climate benefits, which may, if economically compensated, improve the income of seaweed farmers.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?

et al. 2017

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“…It is therefore especially necessary to obtain Ω Arag saturation values, given the importance of this mineral in the life cycles of calcifying organisms in natural habitats, as well as in intensive mussel aquaculture zones like Reloncaví Fjord. The dynamics and changing conditions of the carbonate system can affect different aspects of organisms, from their ecological behavior to their physiological functioning, especially in fisheries and aquaculture development (Broitman et al, ; Haigh et al, ; Vargas et al, ), the two most economically important industries occurring in Patagonian coastal waters.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Changes in Carbonate Saturation State and Air‐Sea CO₂ Fluxes During an Annual Cycle in a Stratified‐Temperate Fjord (Reloncaví Fjord, Chilean Patagonia)

et al. 2019

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Changes may be occurring in the carbonate chemistry of fjords due to natural and anthropogenic disturbance of major freshwater sources. We present a high‐frequency time series study of seasonal pH and CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) in a north Patagonian fjord with a focus on changes in freshwater inflows and biological processes. To do this, we monitored pH and pCO2 in situ, along with river streamflow, salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) in the Reloncaví Fjord (41.5°S) for a full year (January to December 2015). Strong seasonal variability was observed in the pCO2, pH, and DO of the fjord's surface waters. During the summer, pCO2 reached its annual minimum (range: 187–571 μatm) and pH its maximum (range: 7.98–8.24), coinciding with lower freshwater inflows (204–307 m3/s) and high DO (280–378 μmol/kg), as well as aragonite saturation states (ΩArag) higher than 1. In contrast, in winter, pCO2 ranged from 461–1,008 μatm and pH from 7.57–8.03, coinciding with high freshwater inflows (1,049–1,402 m3/s), lower oxygen (216–348 μmol/kg), and constant undersaturation of ΩArag. Reloncaví Fjord had an annual air‐water CO2 flux of 0.716 ± 2.54 mol·m−2·year−1 during 2015 and thus acted as a low emission system. The annual cycle was mainly governed by seasonal changes in biological processes that enhanced the shift from a CO2 sink in late spring and summer, caused by high primary production rates, to a CO2 source during the rest of the year caused by high community respiration due to allochthonous organic carbon inputs.

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“…Our results therefore suggest that the lack of environmentally suitable area for mariculture is not the main limiting factor for the expansion of mariculture [ 30 ] in most regions of the world. Instead, other factors such as the socio-economics of producing countries, including capacity and political instability; technology, its availability and cost effectiveness [ 72 ]; trades; aqua feed availability [ 73 , 74 ]; aquaculture development-related policies [ 75 , 76 ] and competition for space within an EEZ for instance; shipping, oil and gas, as well as tourism all play major roles in the development of mariculture operations and their future expansion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global estimation of areas with suitable environmental conditions for mariculture species

et al. 2018

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Aquaculture has grown rapidly over the last three decades expanding at an average annual growth rate of 5.8% (2005–2014), down from 8.8% achieved between 1980 and 2010. The sector now produces 44% of total food fish production. Increasing demand and consumption from a growing global population are driving further expansion of both inland and marine aquaculture (i.e., mariculture, including marine species farmed on land). However, the growth of mariculture is dependent on the availability of suitable farming areas for new facilities, particularly for open farming practices that rely on the natural oceanic environmental parameters such as temperature, oxygen, chlorophyll etc. In this study, we estimated the marine areas within the exclusive economic zones of all countries that were suitable for potential open ocean mariculture activities. To this end, we quantify the environmental niche and inferred the global habitat suitability index (HSI) of the 102 most farmed marine species using four species distribution models. The average weighted HSI across the four models suggests that 72,000,000 km2 of ocean are to be environmentally suitable to farm one or more species. About 92% of the predicted area (66,000,000 km2) is environmentally suitable for farming finfish, 43% (31,000,000 km2) for molluscs and 54% (39,000,000 km2) for crustaceans. These predictions do not consider technological feasibility that can limit crustaceans farming in open waters. Suitable mariculture areas along the Atlantic coast of South America and West Africa appear to be most under-utilized for farming. Our results suggest that factors other than environmental considerations such as the lack of socio-economic and technological capacity, as well as aqua feed supply are currently limiting the potential for mariculture expansion in many areas.

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Dynamic Interactions among Boundaries and the Expansion of Sustainable Aquaculture

Cited by 12 publications

References 8 publications

Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?

Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?

Seasonal Changes in Carbonate Saturation State and Air‐Sea CO₂ Fluxes During an Annual Cycle in a Stratified‐Temperate Fjord (Reloncaví Fjord, Chilean Patagonia)

Global estimation of areas with suitable environmental conditions for mariculture species

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Dynamic Interactions among Boundaries and the Expansion of Sustainable Aquaculture

Cited by 12 publications

References 8 publications

Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?

Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?

Seasonal Changes in Carbonate Saturation State and Air‐Sea CO2 Fluxes During an Annual Cycle in a Stratified‐Temperate Fjord (Reloncaví Fjord, Chilean Patagonia)

Global estimation of areas with suitable environmental conditions for mariculture species

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Seasonal Changes in Carbonate Saturation State and Air‐Sea CO₂ Fluxes During an Annual Cycle in a Stratified‐Temperate Fjord (Reloncaví Fjord, Chilean Patagonia)